Well vulnerability: a quantitative approach for source water protection

The concept of vulnerability of drinking water sources is reviewed, and a quantitative approach for assessing well vulnerability for complex three-dimensional ground water systems is developed. The approach focuses on the relative expected impact of potential contaminant sources at unknown locations within a well capture zone, providing relative measures of intrinsic well vulnerability, including the expected times of arrival of a contaminant, the dispersion-related reduction in concentration, the time taken to breach a certain quality objective, and the corresponding exposure times. Thus, the result of the analysis includes the usual advective travel time information used in conventional wellhead protection analysis, plus a set of selected quantitative measures expressing the expected impact. The technique is based on adjoint theory and combines forward- and backward-in-time transport modeling using a standard numerical flow and transport code. The methodology is demonstrated using the case study of a complex glacial multiaquifer system in Ontario. The new approach will be useful in helping water managers develop more physically based and quantitative wellhead protection strategies.     

应用Rietveld全图谱拟合法进行矿物定量分析

采用Ｒｉｅｔｖｅｌｄ法对一些多组分标准物相及天然矿物混合物进行定量相分析已成现实。对刚玉与石英、刚玉与赤铁矿，刚玉与钛铁矿，刚玉与磁铁矿。刚玉与黑云母，刚玉与沸石，刚玉与发光沸石或刚玉与斜发沸石的二元混合物（这些二元混合物的重量比均为５０：５０）通过数字Ｘ射线粉晶衍射（ＸＲＤ）资料进行分析。     

冰下流速仪簡介

冬季,北方流冰河流的水庫回水末端或河道上,往往容易形成冰塞,严重时堆积的冰花可厚达10余米。因此,要測出入庫流量或研究冰塞变化规律时,必須进行冰花层下过水面积內流速的测驗。但遇到厚     

Studies on structural vibration control with MR dampers using μGA

A new approach to reducing the seismic response of spatial structures with magneto-theological （MR） dampers is presented in this paper. The Genetic Algorithm with small populations （μGA） is used to optimize the control for the MR dampers to reduce structural vibration, which is difficult to achieve using classical optimal control. The advantages of μGA are the use of global properties and that fewer conditions are required to obtain the optimal function. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in reducing the seismic response of structures.     

Evaluation of two direct immunoassays for rapid detection of petroleum products on marine birds

To reduce rehabilitation time and improve survival, a practical, objective test is needed to determine if marine birds are contaminated with oil before they enter captivity. The RaPID Assays and EnviroGard immunoassays for detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil were evaluated for their ability to detect petroleum on feather samples from 30 intermediate fuel oil contaminated and 30 uncontaminated common murres (Uria aalge). Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, precision, and time required to run each assay were determined. The RaPID Assays was 96.7% sensitive and specific, while the EnviroGard assay was 93.3% sensitive, and 90.0% specific. Sensitivity decreased at higher dilutions for both assays. Intra-replicate variation was less than 20%. Our evaluation showed that these immunoassays are rapid and cost-effective methods for detecting oil-contamination on the plumage of seabirds, with the EnviroGard assay being more practical in most oil spill response situations due to ease of use and rapidity of results.     

区域变质多相方解石大理岩中次生相颗粒对稳定颗粒粒度的效应研究

在马萨诸塞州亚当斯市Ｐｆｉｚｅｒ采石场采集的富方解石Ｓｅｈｌｂｕｒｎｅ大理岩样品，在颗粒粒度上呈现量级变化序列。方解石的颗粒粒度范围为９４￣１１０１μｍ。由于这些方解石大理岩都是同温、同压、同应变条件下生成的，因此肯定有一些其它因素导致了颗粒粒度的不同。颗粒粒度显示出受杂质密集度或次生相颗粒控制。在次生相颗粒体积分数小的地方出现大的方解石颗粒，且其粒度随次生相体积分数的增大而减小。方解石颗粒粒度（     

山西春季有利人工增雨作业的天气气候条件分析

本文从人工增雨的工作需要出发，分析了与春季降水关系密切的部分气象要素的多年变化特征，普查了连续１０年影响山西春季的天气系统的活动情况，并根据它们与春季降水的统计关系浅析了有利人工增雨作业的天气气候背景。