The concentration and isotopic composition of carbon in basaltic glasses from the Juan de Fuca Ridge, Pacific Ocean

The abundance and 13C/12C ratios of carbon were analyzed in basaltic glass from twenty locations along the Juan de Fuca Ridge using a 3-step combustion/extraction technique. Carbon released during the first two combustion steps at 400-500 degrees C and 600-650 degrees C is interpreted to be secondary, and only the carbon recovered during a final combustion step at approximately 1200 degrees C is thought to be indigenous to the samples. For carbon released at approximately 1200 degrees C, glasses analyzed as 1-2 mm chips contained 23-146 ppm C with delta 13C values of -4.8 to -9.3%, whereas samples crushed to 38-63 microns or 63-90 microns yielded 56-103 ppm C with delta 13C values of -6.1 to -9.2%. The concentrations and isotopic compositions of the primary carbon dissolved in the glasses and present in the vesicles are similar to those previously reported for other ocean-ridge basalts. The Juan de Fuca basaltic magmas were not in equilibrium with respect to carbon when they erupted and quenched on the sea floor. Evidence of disequilibrium includes (1) a large range of carbon contents among glasses collected at similar depths, (2) a highly variable calculated carbon isotopic fractionation between melt and vapor determined by comparing crushed and uncrushed splits of the same sample, and (3) a lack of correlation between vesicle abundance, carbon concentration, and depth of eruption. Variations in carbon concentration and delta 13C ratios along the ridge do not correlate with major element chemistry. The observed relationship between carbon concentrations and delta 13C values may be explained by late-stage, variable degrees of open-system (Rayleigh-like) degassing.     

Molecular and bulk isotopic analyses of organic matter in marls of the Mulhouse Basin (Tertiary, Alsace, France)

Contents of 13C in kerogens and carbonates in 21 samples from a core of the MAX borehole, Mulhouse Evaporite Basin, range from -27.3 to -23.5 and -3.7 to -1.8% vs PDB, respectively. Organic nitrogen in the same samples is enriched in 15N relative to atmospheric N2 by 12.2-15.7%. Hydrogen indices and delta values for kerogens vary systematically with facies, averaging 493 mg HC/g Corg and -25.7% in the most saline facies (dominated by inputs from aquatic sources) and 267 mg HC/g Corg and -23.7% in the least saline facies (50/50 aquatic/terrigenous). Values of delta were measured for individual aliphatic hydrocarbons from three samples representing three different organic facies. For all samples, terrigenous inputs were unusually rich in 13C, the estimated delta value for bulk terrigenous debris, apparently derived partly from CAM plants, being -22.5%. In the most saline facies, isotopic evidence indicates the mixing of 13C-depleted products of photosynthetic bacteria with 13C-enriched products of halotolerant eukaryotic algae. At lower salinities, a change in the producer community is marked by a decrease in the 13C content of algal lipids. The content of 13C in algal lipids increases in the least saline facies, due either to succession of different organisms or to decreased concentrations of dissolved CO2.     

Theoretical infrared spectra of some model polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: effect of ionization

In order to test the hypothesis of ionized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as possible carriers of the UIR bands, we realized a computational exploration on selected PAHs of small dimension in order to identify which changes ionization would induce on their IR spectra. In this study we performed ab initio calculations of the spectra of neutral and positively ionized naphthalene, anthracene, and pyrene. The results are significantly important. The frequencies in the cations are slightly shifted with respect to the neutral species, but no general conclusion can be reached from the three molecules considered. By contrast, the relative intensities of most vibrations are strongly affected by ionization, leading to a much better agreement between the calculated CH/CC vibration intensity ratios and those deduced from observations.     

Preservation of biological information in thermal spring deposits: developing a strategy for the search for fossil life on Mars

Current interpretations of the early history of Mars suggest many similarities with the early Earth and therefore raise the possibility that the Archean and Proterozoic history of life on Earth could have a counterpart on Mars. Terrestrial experience suggests that, with techniques that can be employed remotely, ancient springs, including thermal springs, could well yield important information. By delivering water and various dissolved species to the sunlit surface of Mars, springs very likely created an environment suitable for life, which could have been difficult, if not impossible, to attain elsewhere. The chemical and temperature gradients associated with thermal springs sort organisms into sharply delineated, distinctive and different communities, and so diverse organisms are concentrated into relatively small areas in a predictable and informative fashion. A wide range of metabolic strategies are concentrated into small areas, thus furnishing a useful and representative sampling of the existing biota. Mineral-charged springwaters frequently deposit chemical precipitates of silica and/or carbonate which incorporate microorganisms and preserve them as fossils. The juxtaposition of stream valley headwaters with volcanoes and impact craters on Mars strongly implies that subsurface heating of groundwater created thermal springs. On Earth, thermal springs create distinctive geomorphic features and chemical signatures which can be detected by remote sensing. Spring deposits can be quite different chemically from adjacent rocks. Individual springs can be hundreds of meters wide, and complexes of springs occupy areas up to several kilometers wide. Benthic microbial mats and the resultant stromatolites occupy a large fraction of the available area. The relatively high densities of fossils and microbial mat fabrics within these deposits make them highly prospective in any search for morphological evidence of life, and there are examples of microbial fossils in spring deposits as old as 300 Myr.     

铂族新矿物——峨眉矿OsAs_2的初步研究

峨眉矿发现于四川某地铜镍硫化物型铂矿床中。化学成分为锇的二砷化物,化学式为OsAs_2。斜方晶系,晶胞参数为a=5.409,b=6.167,c=3.021。空间群Pnnm或Pnn2。研究结果确定,这是一个铂族金属新矿物。以产地所在省境内的名山——峨眉山命名,称为峨眉矿(Omeiite)。     

云南滇东北与玄武岩有关的铜矿床含矿岩系组成与划分

滇东北与玄武岩有关的铜矿床是中国近3年来矿床学研究和资源勘查的热点之一，本文结合科研和资源勘查项目实际工作，对该区域含矿岩系的组成与划分进行了研究和探讨。依据研究，含矿岩系由二叠系峨眉山玄武岩组（P₂e）上部（第三岩性段顶部和第四岩性段）和宣威组（P₂x）底部组成，可划分为5个矿化层，进而对5个矿化层的岩性组成、矿化特征和成矿前景进行全面总结，这将为该区域今后进一步开展找矿和勘查工作提供方向和依据。     

鲁北平原区暴雨成因及时空分布规律探讨

鲁北平原地处黄泛区，流域坡度较缓，降水量年际变化大，年内分配不均，且多以暴雨形式集中在每年的汛期(6～9月)，同时排涝河道层层建闸拦蓄，造成暴雨期排水不畅，极易积涝成灾。依据1951-2000年实测暴雨资料，对本区暴雨的成因、时空分布规律进行了探讨。     

黑龙江省水稻主栽品种热量指标鉴定及应用

本文主要从热量指标角度，通过黑龙江省水稻主栽品种的各生育期所需的活动积温、生育日数的实际观测，计算各生育期的有效积温、生育期下限温度。从热量资源的空间分布、可能生育期日数与各主栽品种全生育期活动积温、生育期日数的实测值作对比分析，讨论水稻各主栽品种的熟型和适宜分布区域。     

红松、兴安落叶松、红皮云杉苗圃苗木的换床试验研究

通过对兴安落叶松、红松、红皮云杉等小兴安岭主要树种不同床高、不同解冻深度裸根苗的生长发育与土壤各层地温、主要气候因子关系的研究，表明：床高30—35cm对换床苗木生长较为有利。兴安落叶松以解冻15cm换床效果较好；红松以解冻25cm换床效果较好；红皮云杉以解冻20cm换床效果较好。气温、相对湿度、降水量、日照时数等主要气候因子对不同床高、不同解冻深度换床苗木生长的影响是多因子综合作用的结果，各气候因子之间相互制约、相互影响。     

湿地植被生物量动态监测模式初步研究应用

湿地是地球上最富有生物多样性的独特的生态系统，其植被生物量的变化与气候因素（光、温、水）密切相关。运用遥感技术，在地理信息数据和GPS实地调查数据的支持下，选取VEGETATION数据资料，对湿地植被生物量动态监测模式进行了初步研究。