Optical properties of benthic photosynthetic communities: fiber-optic studies of cyanobacterial mats

A fiber-optic microphobe was used to analyze the spectral light gradients in benthic cyanobacterial mats with 50-micrometer depth resolution and 10-nm spectral resolution. Microcoleus chthononplastes mats were collected from hypersaline, coastal ponds at Guerrero Negro, Baja California. Gradients of spectral radiance, L, were measured at different angles through the mats and the spherically integrated scalar irradiance, Eo, was calculated. Maximal spectral light attenuation was found at the absorption peaks for the dominant photosynthetic pigments: chlorophyll a at 430 and 670 nm, carotenoids at 450-500 nm, phycocyanin at 620 nm, and bacteriochlorophyll a at 800-900 nm. Scattered light had a marked spectral effect on the scalar irradiance which near the mat surface reached up to 190% of the incident irradiance. The spherically integrated irradiance thus differed strongly from the incident irradiance both in total intensity and in spectral composition. These basic optical properties are important for the understanding of photosynthesis and light harvesting in benthic and epiphytic communities.     

Apparent lack of CYP1A response to high PCB body burdens in fish from a chronically contaminated PCB site

Chronic exposure to organic contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can lead to the development of resistance to these chemicals, a condition associated with reduced response of CYP1A1, a pollutant-inducible biomarker. We measured CYP1A activity (ethoxyresorufin o-deethylase, EROD) and PCB concentrations in feral fish from the Town Branch/Mud River system (Logan County, KY), a stream historically contaminated with PCBs and partially remediated. As a first step in evaluating the possible development of resistant populations in this system, we measured CYP1A expression and PCB body burdens in resident fish from sites we previously characterized as containing biologically significant levels of CYP1A inducing compounds. Mean PCB concentrations in edible flesh ranged from 75.2 to 16.7 microg/g in fish collected from Town Branch remediated sites and were relatively low (1.23 microg/g) in Town Branch reference site fish. However, hepatic CYP1A activity was similar among individuals of most species collected from reference and contaminated/remediated sites. The absence of elevated CYP1A levels in resident fish species despite the presence of significant PCB body burdens may indicate these fish have developed reduced sensitivity to CYP1A induction, a condition associated with acquired resistance to toxicants.     

美国东南部边缘磷成因期与海洋δ^13C和δ^18O记录的联系

美国东南部边缘磷成因期与海洋δ￣（１３）Ｃ和δ￣（１８）Ｏ记录的联系ＤａｖｉｄＪ．Ｍａｌｌｉｎｓｏｎ等海洋一大气储库中ＣＯ２的生物迁移在地质年代中受磷的可利用性限制。因此，为了推断出关于碳的生物地球化学循环和潜在的气候控制，了解整个地质时代中磷通量是...     

Concentrations of Cd,Zn and Cu in sediments and brown shrimp (Crangon crangon L.) from the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel,UK

Cd, Zn and Cu levels were determined in sediments and Crangon crangon from 9 sites in the Severn Estuary/Bristol Channel during winter 1999. Metal levels in both shrimp and sediments varied significantly between sites and were related to proximity of input and/or sediment type. In the upper Estuary, Cd levels in shrimp were 100x higher than other reported values whereas sediment Cd contamination was comparable. It is suggested that high Cd levels in shrimp are due to the high inputs and enhanced bioavailability of metal during winter.     

台阵和三分量台站的地表地形影响

对ＮＯＲＥＳＳ台阵和ＡＲＣＥＳＳ台阵以及这些台阵内的三分量子台,应用统一的慢度分析方法得出下面的结果：（１）对同一个源区事件的三分量解有相对大的散射;（２）不同的三分量台有不同的解。有语气表明,用统一的半空间模型从三分量数据中不足以慢度解,也就是说,地壳和上地幔的分层模型影响了长周期地表响应,地表地形和近地表结构干扰了地表质点运动和慢度解,尤其是在短周期频段。采用新提出的多道散射方法的数值模拟评估     

含激电效应的航空瞬变电磁数据横向约束反演

受激电效应影响,航空瞬变电磁响应曲线经常出现异常快速衰减和符号反转现象,使用Cole-Cole模型的等效电阻率代替原模型实电阻率能很好的解释该现象,但由于激电多个参数的引入,使得反演多解性问题更加严重.本文基于Cole-Cole模型实现了航空瞬变电磁一维正演,采用横向约束反演同时计算激电参数及层厚,增加约束条件改善多解...     

Active thermal tracer tests for improved hydrostratigraphic characterization

Subsurface heterogeneity in hydraulic properties and processes is a fundamental challenge in hydrogeology. We have developed an improved method of borehole dilution testing for hydrostratigraphic characterization, in which distributed temperature sensing (DTS) is used to monitor advective heat movement. DTS offers many advantages over conventional technologies including response times in the order of seconds rather than minutes, the ability to profile temperature synoptically in a well without disturbing the fluid column, sensitivity to a wider range of flow rates than conventional spinner and heat pulse flow meters, and the ease of interpretation. Open-well thermal dilution tests in two multiaquifer wells near Madison, Wisconsin, provided detailed information on the borehole flow regimes, including flow rates and the locations of inflows from both fractures and porous media. The results led to an enhanced understanding of flow in a hydrostratigraphic unit previously conceptualized as homogenous and isotropic.     

强干扰地区CSAMT数据信息熵与有理函数滤波的处理方法

CSAMT在强干扰地区采集的数据,尽管在测量时采取了多种多样压制干扰的措施,但强干扰余音仍是影响CSAMT数据质量的主要因素.如何在数据处理时进一步削减干扰,是提高CSAMT反演数据质量与反演解释效果的重要一环.本文主要针对矿山强电磁干扰的特点,从美国Zonge公司的GDP仪器为选频测量数据出发,提出了一种基于信息熵去噪与有理函数滤波相结合的数据处理方法.首先采用CSAMT数据误差熵处理,逐次剔除大的干扰数据,直到得到满意的信息熵,从而提取实际的有用信号数据.然后对经过信息熵处理后的测深曲线,进行有理函数滤波处理.再次剔除干扰大的跳点,得到较圆滑的测线纯异常数据.通过数字模型验证,其方法正确,精度较平均处理结果高.经在强干扰矿山实测数据处理表明,该处理方法压制干扰效果明显,可以达到提高信噪比,改善实测数据质量的目的.