生态农业:瑞典注重科技培训

早春的瑞典,大地仍然被白雪覆盖,但在首都斯德哥尔摩郊区的一个农场里,年近60岁的伦德贝格先生早就开始忙碌起来。他计划在今年把自己的农场     

编辑等高线图的机助几何设计法

导言来自地形测量,地质测量及其它测量或其它实验观测的三维数据常常是以等高线图表示的。展示等高线图并不能提供直接可见的三维图象。但在实践中等高线图却很有用,如设计公路时研究道路位置,机场定址,环境评估等。从等高线图中获取的数据对建立三维数字地形模型也很有用。从等高线图用手工获取或提取数据是很麻烦的。因而存储等高线图以便计算机进行处理的     

使用改进型破裂时间法对南加州做中期地震预测

根据由南加州地震目录回顾性地震建模及已发表的对新马德里震带的估算结果,改进型破裂时间法可以作为一种中期地震预测技术用来确定未来主震的地点并预测其大小和时间。提出假设并对先前主震的建模表明本方法预测的离震震级精度达到了约±０．５个震级单位。假设已有兆序列中最后的事件,则破裂时间误差约是±１．１年。当不知识序列中最后的事件时,预测震级保持桢,但随着时间的推移,往序列中追加事件时,预测时间将需要更新。本     

利用多通道瞬变电磁法识别深部矿体——以内蒙兴安盟铅锌银矿为例

多通道瞬变电磁法由于采用伪随机编码发射、最佳匹配相干解码技术,所以相比于传统时间域电磁方法勘探深度大且抗干扰能力强,是目前地面资源勘查领域的研究热点.针对内蒙兴安盟某铅锌银矿埋藏深度大等特点,首先根据矿区资料建立一维以及二维模型,数值计算脉冲响应并分析其特征,说明多通道瞬变电磁对于大埋深低阻异常体有良好的反映,随后通过多通道瞬变电磁技术对矿区进行实例勘查,数据处理过程中利用了反卷积的方法提取大地脉冲响应,根据轴向大地脉冲响应的峰值时刻计算视电阻率,通过对视电阻率进行全波形反演得到解释剖面,与测区钻孔资料对比分析证明,多通道瞬变电磁法是反映深部低阻异常体的有效手段.     

A multivariate assessment of the coral ecosystem health of two embayments on the lee of the island of Hawai'i

Four coral-dominated coastal sites within two embayments (Kealakekua Bay and Honokōhau Bay) on the lee of the island of Hawai'i were studied to assess evidence of anthropogenic impacts in these relatively pristine locales. Nutrient-loading parameters were analyzed in relation to benthic composition data. Statistically, there were significant positive relationships between nitrate+nitrite, silicate, and ammonium with the abundance of macroalgae, coralline algae, and dead coral, and between delta(15)N and dead coral abundance. The north outside site of Kealakekua Bay and the south outside site of Honokōhau Bay appear to be most impacted by nutrient-loading factors in each bay, respectively. Comparisons with past nutrient data indicate that nutrient inputs have increased to the two bays, and that early impacts of these increased loadings are evident. It is predicted that at current nutrient-loading rates, the north sites of Kealakekua Bay and the south sites of Honokōhau Bay will exhibit evidence of further degradation in future years.     

Empirical models to identify mechanisms driving reductions in tissue mercury concentration during culture of farmed southern bluefin tuna Thunnus maccoyii

Two empirical models are presented to elucidate the mechanisms driving reductions in the mercury concentration of southern bluefin tuna (SBT) during culture. Model 1 predicts temporal fluctuations in mercury concentration in response to growth dilution. Model 2 predicts the combined effects of growth dilution and linear mercury accumulation. Model 2 was found to be the more accurate model. Over a typical farming period of 136 days, growth dilution resulted in a reduction in mean mercury concentration of SBT edible tissues from 0.51 mg/kg down to 0.33 mg/kg. Extended culture beyond 136 days resulted in an increase in mercury concentration due to the combined effects of mercury accumulation and seasonal lipid depletion. Results indicate that under current industry practice, cultured SBT can be consumed twice as frequently as that of wild caught SBT while maintaining total dietary mercury intake below national recommendations.     

华南南盘江盆地早三叠世钙质微生物丘与生物层

在南盘江盆地海相弧立的碳酸盐台地内部发现早三叠世生物骨架灰岩。它们发育于２个层位：１．三叠系最底部哥里斯巴赫阶（Ｇｒｉｅｓｂａｃｈｉａｎ）,为１５ｍ厚的生物层;２．下三叠统上部史密斯阶－－斯帕斯阶（Ｓｍｉｔｈｉａｎ－－Ｓｐａｔｈｉａｎ）,为１．５ｍ厚弧立的穹隆形或倒置的贺锥形钙质微生物丘。这些钙质微生物丘与生物层是由坚硬的钙质策生物骨架组成,这些骨架围限出１￣３ｃｍ大小的内部孔洞网,期间充以团粒和     

Biochemical indicators for the bioavailability of organic carbon in ground water

The bioavailability of total organic carbon (TOC) was examined in ground water from two hydrologically distinct aquifers using biochemical indicators widely employed in chemical oceanography. Concentrations of total hydrolyzable neutral sugars (THNS), total hydrolyzable amino acids (THAA), and carbon-normalized percentages of TOC present as THNS and THAA (referred to as "yields") were assessed as indicators of bioavailability. A shallow coastal plain aquifer in Kings Bay, Georgia, was characterized by relatively high concentrations (425 to 1492 μM; 5.1 to 17.9 mg/L) of TOC but relatively low THNS and THAA yields (∼0.2%–1.0%). These low yields are consistent with the highly biodegraded nature of TOC mobilized from relatively ancient (Pleistocene) sediments overlying the aquifer. In contrast, a shallow fractured rock aquifer in West Trenton, New Jersey, exhibited lower TOC concentrations (47 to 325 μM; 0.6 to 3.9 mg/L) but higher THNS and THAA yields (∼1% to 4%). These higher yields were consistent with the younger, and thus more bioavailable, TOC being mobilized from modern soils overlying the aquifer. Consistent with these apparent differences in TOC bioavailability, no significant correlation between TOC and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), a product of organic carbon mineralization, was observed at Kings Bay, whereas a strong correlation was observed at West Trenton. In contrast to TOC, THNS and THAA concentrations were observed to correlate with DIC at the Kings Bay site. These observations suggest that biochemical indicators such as THNS and THAA may provide information concerning the bioavailability of organic carbon present in ground water that is not available from TOC measurements alone.     

辽东地区金矿床成因与资源潜力

华北东部广泛分布着与晚中生代克拉通破坏相关的金矿床,但不同地区金矿床在研究程度、成矿特征、探明储量等方面存在显著差异.华北东部的辽东具有与胶东相似的区域地质特征,并共同经历了晚中生代克拉通破坏作用,但其金成矿的理论研究和探明的黄金资源量却存在巨大差异.本文在分析研究辽东区域地质、中生代岩浆-构造演化和矿床地质基础上,通过深部-浅部综合地球物理探测和大数据AI资源量预测,提出了辽东晚中生代金元素富集主体来自于克拉通破坏诱发的幔源熔流体,金矿床主要受北东-北北东向断裂控制,金矿类型以破碎带蚀变岩型和含硫化物石英脉型为主.明确了鸭绿江主断裂带及相关的次级断裂、已知矿集区外围与深部是未来金矿资源勘查的重要区域,预测鸭绿江成矿带黄金资源潜力巨大,具备新增数千吨级黄金资源的潜力.     

NAPL source zone depletion model and its application to railroad-tank-car spills

We developed a new semi-analytical source zone depletion model (SZDM) for multicomponent light nonaqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs) and incorporated this into an existing screening model for estimating cleanup times for chemical spills from railroad tank cars that previously considered only single-component LNAPLs. Results from the SZDM compare favorably to those from a three-dimensional numerical model, and from another semi-analytical model that does not consider source zone depletion. The model was used to evaluate groundwater contamination and cleanup times for four complex mixtures of concern in the railroad industry. Among the petroleum hydrocarbon mixtures considered, the cleanup time of diesel fuel was much longer than E95, gasoline, and crude oil. This is mainly due to the high fraction of low solubility components in diesel fuel. The results demonstrate that the updated screening model with the newly developed SZDM is computationally efficient, and provides valuable comparisons of cleanup times that can be used in assessing the health and financial risk associated with chemical mixture spills from railroad-tank-car accidents.