使用改进型破裂时间法对南加州做中期地震预测

根据由南加州地震目录回顾性地震建模及已发表的对新马德里震带的估算结果,改进型破裂时间法可以作为一种中期地震预测技术用来确定未来主震的地点并预测其大小和时间。提出假设并对先前主震的建模表明本方法预测的离震震级精度达到了约±０．５个震级单位。假设已有兆序列中最后的事件,则破裂时间误差约是±１．１年。当不知识序列中最后的事件时,预测震级保持桢,但随着时间的推移,往序列中追加事件时,预测时间将需要更新。本     

A multivariate assessment of the coral ecosystem health of two embayments on the lee of the island of Hawai'i

Four coral-dominated coastal sites within two embayments (Kealakekua Bay and Honokōhau Bay) on the lee of the island of Hawai'i were studied to assess evidence of anthropogenic impacts in these relatively pristine locales. Nutrient-loading parameters were analyzed in relation to benthic composition data. Statistically, there were significant positive relationships between nitrate+nitrite, silicate, and ammonium with the abundance of macroalgae, coralline algae, and dead coral, and between delta(15)N and dead coral abundance. The north outside site of Kealakekua Bay and the south outside site of Honokōhau Bay appear to be most impacted by nutrient-loading factors in each bay, respectively. Comparisons with past nutrient data indicate that nutrient inputs have increased to the two bays, and that early impacts of these increased loadings are evident. It is predicted that at current nutrient-loading rates, the north sites of Kealakekua Bay and the south sites of Honokōhau Bay will exhibit evidence of further degradation in future years.     

Empirical models to identify mechanisms driving reductions in tissue mercury concentration during culture of farmed southern bluefin tuna Thunnus maccoyii

Two empirical models are presented to elucidate the mechanisms driving reductions in the mercury concentration of southern bluefin tuna (SBT) during culture. Model 1 predicts temporal fluctuations in mercury concentration in response to growth dilution. Model 2 predicts the combined effects of growth dilution and linear mercury accumulation. Model 2 was found to be the more accurate model. Over a typical farming period of 136 days, growth dilution resulted in a reduction in mean mercury concentration of SBT edible tissues from 0.51 mg/kg down to 0.33 mg/kg. Extended culture beyond 136 days resulted in an increase in mercury concentration due to the combined effects of mercury accumulation and seasonal lipid depletion. Results indicate that under current industry practice, cultured SBT can be consumed twice as frequently as that of wild caught SBT while maintaining total dietary mercury intake below national recommendations.     

华南南盘江盆地早三叠世钙质微生物丘与生物层

在南盘江盆地海相弧立的碳酸盐台地内部发现早三叠世生物骨架灰岩。它们发育于２个层位：１．三叠系最底部哥里斯巴赫阶（Ｇｒｉｅｓｂａｃｈｉａｎ）,为１５ｍ厚的生物层;２．下三叠统上部史密斯阶－－斯帕斯阶（Ｓｍｉｔｈｉａｎ－－Ｓｐａｔｈｉａｎ）,为１．５ｍ厚弧立的穹隆形或倒置的贺锥形钙质微生物丘。这些钙质微生物丘与生物层是由坚硬的钙质策生物骨架组成,这些骨架围限出１￣３ｃｍ大小的内部孔洞网,期间充以团粒和     

Biochemical indicators for the bioavailability of organic carbon in ground water

The bioavailability of total organic carbon (TOC) was examined in ground water from two hydrologically distinct aquifers using biochemical indicators widely employed in chemical oceanography. Concentrations of total hydrolyzable neutral sugars (THNS), total hydrolyzable amino acids (THAA), and carbon-normalized percentages of TOC present as THNS and THAA (referred to as "yields") were assessed as indicators of bioavailability. A shallow coastal plain aquifer in Kings Bay, Georgia, was characterized by relatively high concentrations (425 to 1492 μM; 5.1 to 17.9 mg/L) of TOC but relatively low THNS and THAA yields (∼0.2%–1.0%). These low yields are consistent with the highly biodegraded nature of TOC mobilized from relatively ancient (Pleistocene) sediments overlying the aquifer. In contrast, a shallow fractured rock aquifer in West Trenton, New Jersey, exhibited lower TOC concentrations (47 to 325 μM; 0.6 to 3.9 mg/L) but higher THNS and THAA yields (∼1% to 4%). These higher yields were consistent with the younger, and thus more bioavailable, TOC being mobilized from modern soils overlying the aquifer. Consistent with these apparent differences in TOC bioavailability, no significant correlation between TOC and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), a product of organic carbon mineralization, was observed at Kings Bay, whereas a strong correlation was observed at West Trenton. In contrast to TOC, THNS and THAA concentrations were observed to correlate with DIC at the Kings Bay site. These observations suggest that biochemical indicators such as THNS and THAA may provide information concerning the bioavailability of organic carbon present in ground water that is not available from TOC measurements alone.     

NAPL source zone depletion model and its application to railroad-tank-car spills

We developed a new semi-analytical source zone depletion model (SZDM) for multicomponent light nonaqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs) and incorporated this into an existing screening model for estimating cleanup times for chemical spills from railroad tank cars that previously considered only single-component LNAPLs. Results from the SZDM compare favorably to those from a three-dimensional numerical model, and from another semi-analytical model that does not consider source zone depletion. The model was used to evaluate groundwater contamination and cleanup times for four complex mixtures of concern in the railroad industry. Among the petroleum hydrocarbon mixtures considered, the cleanup time of diesel fuel was much longer than E95, gasoline, and crude oil. This is mainly due to the high fraction of low solubility components in diesel fuel. The results demonstrate that the updated screening model with the newly developed SZDM is computationally efficient, and provides valuable comparisons of cleanup times that can be used in assessing the health and financial risk associated with chemical mixture spills from railroad-tank-car accidents.     

Patterns of inorganic phosphate uptake in Cassiopea xamachana: a bioindicator species

Nutrient levels in the nearshore waters of the Florida Keys have increased over the past few decades concomitant with a decline in the health of Florida's reef system. Phosphorus is a particular concern in the Florida Keys as it may be the limiting nutrient in nearshore waters. We demonstrate that the upside-down jellyfish, Cassiopea xamachana, decreases its rate of phosphate uptake following exposure to elevated levels of dissolved inorganic phosphate. We also show that this subsequent suppression of uptake rates persists for some time following exposure to elevated phosphates. Using these attributes, we experimentally investigated the use of C. xamachana as a bioindicator for dissolved inorganic phosphates in seawater. Our results show that these animals reveal comparative differences in environmental phosphates despite traditional testing methods yielding no detectable phosphates. We propose that C. xamachana is a bioindicator useful for integrating relevant information about phosphate availability in low nutrient environments.     

二维地震波折射层析成象

给出了一种用地震折射波初至走时确定二维速度的迭代层析成象反演法。该反演法适用于源－接收器间距比常规剖面法密的折射剖面，它是以线性化问题的迭代解为依据，不仅能用于近水平界面的几何形态，而且也能用于连续速度变化的情况。每次迭代中用射击法进行两点间的射线追踪，来建立线性系统。速度场用速度梯度为常数的三角形单元定义，这样射线路径可解析计算。根据正问题的不同线性化公式对两种不同的反演方法作了研究。用线性化走时－速度雅可比行列式反演得出的结果比用更近似于一般级数展开法的慢度公式的结果好。分辨率的例子不仅揭示了源－接收器组合方式及速度结构对分辨率的影响，而且也揭示了射线的几何形态造成的水平向模糊不清和分辨率随深度降低。反演例子表明，使用较好的初始模型时，整体范数产生的解比用最小扰动法计算的解更接近真实模型。对不均匀射线覆盖产生的条纹作用及其排除作了实例说明。