大洋多金属结核中铁锰质矿物拉曼光谱特征初探

拉曼光谱是一种快速无损的分析手段,它既可观察样品的显微结构构造,也可分析样品的成分和结构。为了丰富多金属结核的岩石矿物学特征,文章对西太平洋某海山区的多金属结核样品进行了X射线粉末衍射分析和拉曼光谱分析。X射线分析结果显示该区域样品主要含有水羟锰矿、钡镁锰矿、斜长石、钙十字沸石和石英,显微构造主要有纹层状构造、柱状构造、树枝状构造、充填构造等。通过分析对比潮湿样品和烘干样品铁锰质矿物的拉曼特征谱峰,得出结核中水羟锰矿的特征谱峰位于490 cm~(-1)、570 cm~(-1)和626 cm~(-1)附近,钡镁锰矿的特征谱峰则位于640 cm~(-1)附近,与陆地上对应矿物的特征拉曼谱峰不同。结核中的钡镁锰矿结构不稳定,经过风干或者抛磨后部分产生相变,不同显微结构中,相变情况不同。经与RRUFF数据库比对,识别出钙十字沸石、斜长石等自形晶,多分布于结核最内层,往结核外层总体减少。矿物微晶多见铁锰质矿物微晶和钙十字沸石微晶,铁锰质矿物绕其向外生长。     

新疆哈密卡拉塔格铜(锌)矿红石幅1∶50 000矿产地质图数据库

新疆哈密卡拉塔格铜(锌)矿红石幅(K46E009008)1∶50 000矿产地质图数据库是根据《固体矿产地质调查技术要求(1∶50 000)》(DD2019-02)和行业其他标准及要求,在充分利用1∶200 000、1∶50 000等区域地质调查工作成果资料的基础上,采用数字填图系统进行野外地质专项填图,并应用室内与室外填编图相结合的方法完成。本数据库将中-上奥陶统荒草坡群大柳沟组、下志留统红柳峡组和卡拉塔格组的建造类型进行了重新划分,把图幅内侵入岩时代划分为志留纪、泥盆纪、二叠纪等3期,建立了岩浆岩演化序列。图幅区内有大中小型矿床和矿点共8个,成矿时代集中分布在志留纪、石炭纪,赋矿围岩为火山碎屑岩和次火山岩,该区优势矿产以铜锌金为主,矿床类型以VMS型和次火山热液脉型矿床为主,分布在图幅东南一带。除金属矿产外,尚有膨润土矿床产出,具有较好的找矿潜力。本数据库包含5个地层单位和3期岩浆岩资料,数据量约为 15.1 MB。这些数据充分反映了该图幅 1∶50 000 矿产地质调查示范性成果,对该区矿产资源研究和勘查等具有参考意义。     

滇西镇康放羊山Cu-Pb-Zn多金属矿床流体包裹体和C-O同位素研究

滇西镇康放羊山Cu-Pb-Zn多金属矿床是保山地块发现的首个富铜的铅锌多金属矿床。为探讨其成矿流体来源和矿床成因,对该矿床开展了流体包裹体和C-O同位素研究。结果表明,阶段Ⅱ主要发育富液相包裹体,均一温度和盐度（NaCl_eq,质量分数）集中在240～300℃和8.0%～18.0%;阶段Ⅲ以含CO₂和子矿物包裹体为特征,均一温度和盐度的两个峰值为360～400℃、16.0%～24.0%和240～320℃、4.0%～14.0%;阶段Ⅳ以富液相和纯液相包裹体为主,均一温度和盐度降低至220～340℃和8.0%～14.0%。C-O同位素分析结果（δ¹³C_V-PDB值为-5.88‰~-2.37‰,δ¹⁸O_V-SMOW值为8.18‰~12.79‰）显示成矿流体主要来源于岩浆热液,在迁移过程中受到围岩溶解作用的影响。综合研究认为,放羊山矿床阶段Ⅱ和阶段Ⅲ的成矿流体主要来源于大陆碰撞形成的中高温、中高盐度、富CO₂岩浆热液,在阶段Ⅲ晚期和阶段Ⅳ受到中低温、低盐度大气降水的影响;矿床为受构造控制明显的中高温热液矿床,预测在矿区深部有望找到矽卡岩型矿体。     

Risk evaluation of dam-break environmental impacts based on the set pair analysis and cloud model

Natural Hazards - Many dams have been constructed around the world. Compared with the potential losses of life and economy, the environmental impacts caused by dam breach were less analyzed. As a...     

地下结构抗震设计的改进等效反应加速度法

对地下结构横向抗震分析中的等效反应加速度法进行综合分析。结合算例,以动力时程法为基准,全面评价了等效反应加速度法的适用性;进而深入分析其误差来源,并做针对性改进优化,通过引入动力响应调整系数β,提出了一种改进等效反应加速度法;结合算例分析,评价了改进等效反应加速度法对不同工况的适用性。结果表明：等效反应加速度法计算所得结构内力及变形均偏小;且计算精度随地层剪切波速的增大整体呈上升趋势,但几乎不受结构埋深的影响;同时,明确了等效反应加速度法的误差源自于其忽略了地下结构对其周围土体动力响应的干扰作用,改进优化后提出了改进等效反应加速度法;相比现有等效反应加速度法,改进等效反应加速度法具有更广泛的适用性及更优的计算精度,可为地下结构抗震设计和分析提供新的计算方法。     

盾构隧道下穿管道施工引起的管-土相互作用研究

采用Loganathan公式研究了盾构隧道下穿管道施工引起的地下管道处土体竖向位移,利用考虑土中剪力传递的Pasternak模型模拟管-土相互作用,运用修正Vlasov模型中的迭代流程计算出Pasternak模型的关键参数——弹性系数k与剪切系数gs。将计算结果与已有文献结果及工程监测数据进行对比,深入分析了迭代求解k、gs值的Pasternak模型与传统模型的计算差异,并进一步研究了土中剪力、管道与隧道的夹角、土体弹性模量及隧道半径的变化对管-土相互作用的影响。研究结果表明：迭代求解的k、gs值能提升Pasternak模型的精确度;土中剪力对管道竖向位移计算值的影响可达15.3%;随着管道与隧道夹角的减小,管道的竖向位移增大、弯矩减小;土体弹性模量与隧道半径的增大均会增加管道的竖向位移和弯矩。     

山东莱芜盆地碳酸盐岩热液溶蚀特征及水文地质意义

鲁中山区莱芜盆地在燕山期发生大规模岩浆侵入活动,岩浆岩体外围碳酸盐岩区分布有水源地、富水块段等岩溶发育富水区,且靠近岩体含水层多发生大理岩化。富含CO₂、H₂S等酸性成分的岩浆热液流体,能对碳酸盐岩产生明显的溶蚀作用。基于岩石样品化学组分分析、水文地质调查及数据统计分析、热液溶蚀地质点详细观测,构建热液溶蚀模式,对莱芜盆地及外围热液溶蚀特征及机理进行研究。结果表明:高温高压岩浆侵入使得接触带碳酸盐岩发生热液变质大理岩化;沿渗透性断裂、裂缝以及不整合面等运移的热液流体,对碳酸盐岩地层产生酸性热液溶蚀和混合溶蚀作用,形成不同规模溶蚀孔洞,构成地下水富集空间,为寻找城镇地下水后备水源地提供新方向。     

Relationship Between Electrical Properties and Sedimentary Environment of the Longmaxi Formation Shale, Southern Sichuan

The Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in the south of Sichuan is a key player in the exploration and development of shale gas in China. Due to a highly complex topographic area, electromagnetic methods (EM) become important exploration means in this area. Many studies have been conducted on the shale mineral composition and electrical properties of shale, however, the correlation between sedimentary environments and the electrical properties of shale remain poorly understood. The electrical properties and sedimentary environment of the organic-rich shale of the Longmaxi Formation have been studied by means of X-ray diffraction, organic geochemistry, scanning electron microscopy and complex resistivity measurements. The discovered high quartz content of the Longmaxi Formation shale results in low resistivity. Deep-water shelf biogenic quartz contributes lower resistivity more than that of shallow-water terrigenous quartz. The deep-water anoxic and organic sedimentary environment led to major enrichment of pyrite, leading to a high polarization effect in shale. We present the correlation between the lithofacies types and electrical properties of Longmaxi Formation. The mixed siliceous shale lithofacies is the most favorable among the three lithofacies, which is characterized by high total organic carbon (TOC) content, high brittleness mineral content, high polarization and low resistivity (“three high and one low”). This feature is an effective identification of shale gas reservoirs by electromagnetic prospecting. Our study can provide constraints on electrical parameters of rocks for electromagnetic “sweet spot” exploration of shale gas, and so this has important geological significance to shale gas exploration and development.     

祁连山北部基岩河道宽度对构造和岩性的响应

活动造山带基岩河流地貌研究,目前已成为构造地貌学研究的前沿和热点。河道宽度形态的调整变化是基岩河流响应构造、岩性和气候等扰动的重要方式之一。通过研究祁连山北部地区6个重点流域基岩河道的宽度形态发现:河道宽度总体上呈现出东西向和南北向的变化特征,河道向下游增宽的速率,东段地区显著高于中段地区,低山带显著高于高山带;对比河道宽度的变化特征与构造抬升速率及岩性抗蚀性的变化,可以推断:在祁连山北部地区,基岩河道宽度响应构造抬升和岩性抗蚀性的变化进行了系统地调整,构造抬升控制了流域河道宽度变化的总体趋势,而岩性抗蚀性变化则导致了流域内部局部河段河道宽度的大幅波动。在祁连山北部地区开展的基岩河道宽度形态研究,为利用基岩河道形态研究造山带的构造变形奠定了基础,对于探索构造抬升背景下地貌的发育过程具有十分重要的意义。     

Terraces Development and Their Implications for Valley Evolution of the Jinsha River Since Late Pleistocene near Longjie,Yunnan

The drainage evolution and valley development of the Jinsha River is an important issue constantly concerned by researchers in geology and geomorphology. Despite hundreds of years of research, there is a big dispute on the formation time and the evolution process of the fluvial valley. Fluvial terraces are very important geomorphic markers for studying the formation and evolution of the fluvial valley. Through field investigation combined with Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) dating, we confirmed that 5 fluvial terraces were formed, and then preserved, along the course of the Jinsha River near the Longjie, which are all strath terraces. Among them, T5 developed on the base rock, with an age of (78±12) ka; all T4~T1 developed on the lacustrine sediments, named Longjie Group by Chinese, with an age of (29±1.4) ka, (26±2.4) ka, (23±1.4) ka, (18±1.7) ka, respectively. Compared with the global and regional climate change history, the terraces are all the result of the river responding to the climate change. T5 formed at MIS 5/4, and T4~T1 formed at the period of regional climate fluctuation. The relationship of terraces and the Longjie Formation, combined with sedimentary characteristics analysis demonstrate that the Longjie Formation is landslide dammed lake sediment. The landslide and blocking events.seriously influenced the valley evolution, inhibiting the river incising, and making the valley evolution defer to the mode of “cut-landside-damming-fill-cut” in the period of Late Pleistocene. Synthesized studies of the terraces and the correlative sediments indicate that the formation of the Jinsha River valley may have begun in the late Early Pleistocene.