湖南千里山-骑田岭矿集区大地构造环境与矿物组合的关系

千里山—骑田岭矿集区是南岭成矿带的重要组成部分,位于华夏、扬子两大内陆板块碰撞拼贴带与郴州—邵阳走滑型构造岩浆岩带的交汇部位。通过对区内主要金属矿床的研究,认为区内矿床的形成及其矿物组合与一定的时代和特定的大地构造环境紧密相关,不同的大地构造环境下所形成的矿床,其成因类型有明显的差异;不同成因类型的矿床,有各自特有的矿物组合。     

北京燕山地区薛家石梁杂岩体特征、成因、源区性质及岩石圈减薄方式

薛家石梁杂岩体位于北京北山地区,在平面上呈北西向的椭圆状,主要由辉长岩、二长辉长岩、二长岩、正长岩和花岗岩组成。根据锆石SHRI MP定年结果为132·8~123·3Ma,形成于早白垩世早期。野外地质特征、矿物学特征、岩石学特征及地球化学特征表明,薛家石梁杂岩体中二长岩是二长辉长岩岩浆与正长岩岩浆混合作用的产物,从辉长岩岩浆到二长辉长岩岩浆经历了结晶分异作用。薛家石梁杂岩体中正长岩具高Sr,低Y及Eu正异常特征,推测其可能来源于加厚陆壳的底部。薛家石梁杂岩体中辉长岩中Mg#值为65,w(Nb)/w(U)值为37·8,这些特征暗示其可能为原生岩浆。辉长岩中ε(Nd)值为-6·5,表明其源区岩石不具亏损地幔特征;而辉长岩具富集Pb、Ti、Nb正异常,Hf的负异常,与EMI型富集地幔特征(具Nb、Hf正异常及Pb的负异常)不一致;辉长岩中Rb、Th、Nb、U、La、Ce元素含量比EMI型富集地幔低一个数量级;杂岩体中N(87Sr)/N(86Sr)与N(206Pb)/N(204Pb)值具正相关关系也表明不具交代富集型地幔特征。因此,我们认为辉长岩岩浆源区应为软流圈地幔,而不是富集型地幔(EMI)。辉长岩中ε(Nd)的负值是辉长岩岩浆与太古宙下地壳相互作用的结果。因此,我们认为中国东部岩石圈减薄的主要机制是岩石圈的拆沉作用。     

华北太行—燕山—辽西地区燕山期(J—K)造山过程与成矿作用

太行—燕山—辽西造山带是中国东部一个重要的燕山期(J—K)Au-Mo-Pb-Zn-Ag-Cu-Fe金属成矿带,亦是燕山期煤田分布的重要地带。讨论了该区18个燕山期金属矿床及其相关的侵入体的同位素年龄,两者在时间上的总体一致性,以及重要煤田的形成与特征时代的沉积建造相伴生,均从年代学的约束方面提供了成矿作用与燕山期岩浆—构造事件的成因联系。在已有的燕山造山带岩浆构造事件序列的基础上,把成矿作用纳入其中,提出了该造山带燕山期岩浆—沉积—构造—成矿事件序列的初步框架。进而,从物质组成的角度,讨论了该造山带金属成矿作用与火成岩组合的成因联系;同时也讨论了成矿作用可能的源区以及成矿作用的阶段性与造山带之间的成生联系。提出了造山带与成矿作用的初步框架模型。前造山幕—初始造山幕(J1)和后造山幕(K21)比较宁静的构造环境和湿热环境为煤田形成提供良好的动力学环境。同造山幕的大规模岩浆活动为金属矿床形成提供重要背景:早期造山幕(J2)伴随古老下地壳的熔融,生成以安山质为主的岩浆活动及伴生主要的Au和Pb、Zn矿床;峰期造山幕(J3),陆壳升温达峰值,导致上地壳岩石的大规模熔融作用,形成大规模花岗质岩浆的侵入,伴生大量Mo矿;晚期造山幕(K11),“过热的”上部地壳开始降温,壳幔深部的镁铁质岩浆更多地喷出和侵入,伴生Fe矿床的形成,同时,新形成的侏罗纪下地壳熔融,伴生Cu矿。     

华北克拉通北缘中段古元古代造山作用的岩浆记录:S型花岗岩地球化学特征及锆石SHRIMP年龄

华北克拉通北缘中段沿集宁-凉城-千里山一带分布着大量S型花岗岩,主要为强过铝花岗岩,少量为偏(亚)铝质花岗岩.S型花岗岩岩石地球化学的特点是SiO2含量较低(大部分＜74%),Al2O3/TiO2比值低(＜100),CaO/Na2O比值高(＞ 0.3),Rb/Sr和Rb/Ba比值较低,稀土元素和微量元素特征复杂,如Eu正异常、Eu负异常和Eu异常不明显均出现,具有中等程度的轻稀土元素富集.这种地球化学特征暗示该区S型花岗岩的源区成分为杂砂岩,形成于主动大陆边缘,且熔融温度较高,来源较深,相当于澳大利亚拉克伦造山带S型花岗岩,为高温型热造山带产物.通过对该区不同岩体锆石SHRIMP测定,该区S型花岗岩形成年代为1904～1921 Ma,该时代代表华北克拉通北缘古元古代一次造山作用的时代.     

GIS数据融入遥感图像理解的模型初探

作者在本文中讨论了利用电磁波散射的数值计算、高光谱、人人智能进行遥感图像理解的现状，说明了地理信息系统（GIS）数据融入遥感图像理解的重要性，概述了GIS数据融入所面临的问题，指出了GIS融入遥感图像理解对处理系统的一般要求，分析了基于数据挖掘的专家系统、神经网络、进行计算的特点和性能。结合神经网络和进化计算能融合多源数据、高度并行、自适应、自组织能力和知识处理的能力，以及进化计算通过重组、变异和复制算法具有优化选择的功能，构建了基于进化计算的神经网络的GIS数据，并融入模型。模型中GIS属性数据惯穿遥感图像理解的全过程，是一种高层次的数据融合，且GIS数据特征的提取、处理和遥感图像理解是高度并行的。它是一种实现GIS数据融入遥感图像理解的有效途径。基于数据挖掘的专家系统也具有上述功能，但存在数据挖掘的困难。     

LATE MESOZOIC SUBDUCTION PROCESS BENEATH SOUTHEASTERN CHINA AS REVEALED BY THE SPATIAL-TEMPORAL PATTERN OF MAGMATISM

Southeastern China covers an extensive area from the lower reaches of the Yangtze River to the southeast coast of China mainland.One of its main geological features is the extensive Jura-Cretaceous (Yanshanian) magmatism and related metallogenesis.Recently,some researchers advocate the mantle plume model as an explanation,but all of their evidences are too ambiguous.     

Structure and diurnal variation of the atmospheric boundary layer over a mid-latitude glacier in summer

During the summer of 1994, a meteorological experiment(PASTEX) was performed over the Pasterze Glacier,Austria. In this paper we describe the averagehorizontal and vertical structure of the atmosphericboundary layer (ABL) above the melting glacier, aswell as its diurnal variation during a period of fairweather. It was found that very persistent glacierwinds with a vertical extent of 100 m dominate thesummertime structure of the ABL, because the gravityforce acting on the near surface air parcels is manytimes larger than the synoptic-scale pressuregradient. During fair weather, we find a welldeveloped mountain-valley wind circulation above thekatabatic layer. During daytime, the valley wind advectswarm and humid air from the ice-free valley towardsthe glacier, limiting the development of the glacierwind. During the night, the downslope flows thatdevelop above the ice-free valley walls (mountainwind) merge with the glacier wind and enhance thedownslope transport of air. The associated subsidenceis the most probable cause for the drying of the lowerpart of the atmosphere during the night. Duringperiods of weak synoptic winds, the glacier windeffectively generates turbulence in the stronglystratified surface layer. On average, the turbulentfluxes of sensible and latent heat provide 25% of thetotal melting energy at the surface of the glaciertongue, and the influence of the glacier winds on thesurface energy budget can therefore not beneglected.     

ANISOTROPY DETECTED IN SHALLOW CLAYS USING SHEAR-WAVE SPLITTING IN A VSP SURVEY1

Shear waves can provide valuable information about seismic anisotropy. On entering an anisotropic medium, a shear wave generally splits (shear-wave splitting) into a fast and a slow quasi-shear wave with polarizations fixed by the elastic properties of the medium and direction of travel. If the medium contains planar discontinuities with common normals, the fast shear wave will be suitably propagated if its polarization lies in the plane of the discontinuities. Measuring this polarization, using a VSP geometry with oriented three-component geophones in the borehole, offers the possibility of monitoring the orientation and density of the discontinuities as a function of depth. Such a shear-wave VSP was carried out in an uncased 0.3 m diameter borehole drilled to a depth of 120 m in the north of The Netherlands. The upper 80 m of the sequence, consisting of a glacial till and sands and clays of Pleistocene age, was studied. The clays in this sequence have been subjected to glacial deformation and as a result are overconsolidated and locally fissured. In our shallow VSP experiment, shear-wave splitting and therefore anisotropy was identified at various geophone depths for one source offset. Hodograms showed a consistent polarization of the fast shear-wave component over a large depth interval. Under the assumption that the anisotropy was caused by planar discontinuities with common normals, this polarization direction gives the strike of the fissures in this interval. The polarization direction of the fast S-wave did not correspond exactly with the strike which was obtained from geological information on the fissures. The geological information was from undisturbed oriented 70 mm core samples taken at 3 m intervals in the borehole. The discrepancy, however, could be explained in terms of dipping fissures, and such a dip was confirmed by the geological and geotechnical information. The orientation of fissures is an important factor in the directional deformation and strength characteristics of clays as far as geotechnical behaviour is concerned. This study thus illustrates a practical application of shear-wave splitting observed in shallow shear-wave VSP for geology and geotechnical engineering.     

山东沂水紫苏花岗岩中残晶相矿物的发现及紫苏花岗岩的形成过程

山东沂水地区紫苏花岗岩主要有 3种类型 ,分别为紫苏花岗闪长岩、紫苏石榴花岗闪长岩和紫苏奥长花岗岩。紫苏花岗岩中普遍存在有熔体交代结构 ,主要由残晶相矿物和结晶相矿物组成。对紫苏花岗岩及变质表壳中流体包裹体产状、成分的研究发现 ,富CO2 流体包裹体和富N2 流体包裹体均来自地幔深部。紫苏花岗岩的形成过程如下 :基性岩浆的底侵作用使本区经历了第一期麻粒岩相变质作用 ,地幔富CO2 流体包裹体的存在使系统a(H2 O)很低 (a(H2 O) =0 .1～ 0 .3) ,麻粒岩相变质作用没有产生熔融作用。幔源岩浆活动的逐渐停止 ,该区又经历了近等压降温的第二期麻粒岩相变质作用。此时 ,深源富CO2 流体作用减弱 ,水的活度增加 ,a(H2 O) =0 .6 5～ 0 .75 ,从而产生岩浆 ,新生岩浆对早期形成的变质矿物进行熔蚀交代作用 ,使早期形成的难熔变质矿物如紫苏辉石、石榴石、单斜辉石等呈残晶相 ,随着温度的降低岩浆基本在原地半原地结晶形成紫苏花岗岩。     

华北地区三类岩石圈的壳幔岩石学结构与化学结构及其大陆动力学意义

根据地质和地球物理特征表现出的岩石圈不连续，华北地区可区分出鄂尔多斯克拉通型、燕山-太行造山带型和华北平原裂谷型三类岩石圈。依据岩石学方法、壳幔演化模型、造山带形成过程以及地震波速与岩石化学成分之间的关系，建立了华北地区三类型岩石圈的壳幔岩石学结构和化学结构，讨论了不同岩石圈类型的壳幔物质结构、地壳和岩石圈地幔厚度的地质含义、岩石圈不连续在划分岩石圈单元中的作用及不同类型岩石圈形成的大陆动力学意义。