The Abbey Evaluation of Reference Sample IF-G. The Significance of Abbey's Method For Laboratory Quality

Abbey's select laboratories method has been applied to the reported data for major and minor elements in the proposed GIT-IWG reference sample IF-G. The final values obtained by this method have been compared with the recommended values published by Govindaraju in 1984. Slightly different percentages are suggested for MgO, K₂O and Fe₂O₃T. The importance of applying the Abbey method by participants in co-operative studies is emphasized. Such an application gives a better understanding of data treatment and of the degree of reliability of published final values; furthermore the objective score obtained for laboratory quality will stimulate participating laboratories to improve their analytical methods and procedures. As an illustration some improvements in the laboratory of the authors are mentioned.     

Ag, Te and Pd in 17 Geochemical Reference Materials by Mass Spectrometric Isotope Dilution Analysis

Seventeen geochemical reference samples have been analysed for Ag, Te, Pd using mass spectrometric isotope dilution analysis. For most samples, analytical data on these elements were lacking. The concentration range encountered was generally in the nanogram levels.     

AN EVALUATION OF FRACTAL DIMENSIONS TO QUANTIFY CHANGES IN THE MORPHOLOGY OF FLUVIAL SUSPENDED SEDIMENT PARTICLES DURING BASEFLOW CONDITIONS

The morphology of suspended sediment particles reflects the origin of the suspended load and any modifying processes that may have occurred during transport and storage in the aquatic system. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of four fractal dimensions to quantify visually observed changes in the morphology of fluvial suspended sediment particles during baseflow conditions. Samples were collected during summer low flow in a small stream on the Canadian Prairies. Particle morphology data were obtained with a transmitted light microscope, a CCD camera and an image analysis system. The morphology of the particle population was characterized using four fractal dimensions (D, D_K, D₁ and D₂). D was derived from the area–perimeter relationship and showed an increase from 1·26±0·02 on 30 June, to 1·34±0·02 on 4 July, to 1·42±0·01 on 7 July. Visually, the increase in D represented the formation of large particles with intricate shapes and increased perimeters. D_K was determined from the area–rank relationship and varied from 1·86±0·01 on 30 June, to 1·90±0·00 on 4 July, to 1·74±0·00 on 7 July. The decrease in D_K between 4 July and 7 July would indicate a greater concentration of the particle area over a small number of large particles. Although the decrease in D_K is consistent with observed changes in the particle size distributions, D_K should be used with the considerable caution because D_K varied more than one standard error between replicates. D₁ and D₂ were determined from the length–perimeter and length–area relationships, respectively. D₁ proved to be of little value for quantifying changes in particle morphology as it showed little change with time, despite considerable visual changes. D₂ however, was useful, despite some variation between replicates. Over the sampling period, D₂ for the composite data sets showed a steady decrease from 1·74±0·02 on 30 June, to 1·68±0·02 on 4 July, to 1·60±0·01 on 7 July. This change in D₂ indicates that, through time, the larger particles became longer and thinner relative to the smaller ones. This study shows that temporal changes in D, D_K and D₂ were consistent with, and allow quantification of, observed changes in particle morphology. D₁ did not reflect observed morphological changes, and is therefore of little value for this type of study. The changes in particle morphology coincided with an increase in primary production in the form of algae. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

ArcGIS及SQLServer在地籍管理信息系统中的应用

地籍管理是国土资源管理的核心,专业性强,数据量大,任务繁重。传统的管理方法已不能满足需求,而GIS及RDBMS的发展则为建立现代地籍管理系统提供了可能。本文阐述了地籍信息系统的总体构架,着重分析了Arc/Info、SQL Server及Delphi在建立地籍管理信息系统中的应用。     

USING SPECTRAL ANALYSIS TO DETECT SENSOR NOISE AND CORRECT TURBULENCE INTENSITY AND SHEAR STRESS ESTIMATES FROM EMCM FLOW RECORDS

Electromagnetic current meters (EMCMs) are frequently used to gather turbulent velocity records in rivers and estuaries. Experience has shown that, on occasion, the output of these sensors can be affected by contamination from various noise sources. These noises may be limited to narrow bands of frequencies and thus fail to produce conspicuous increases in observed signal variance. Such ‘narrow-band’ noises can be difficult to identify from simple inspection of signal traces or variance levels, yet degrade estimates of turbulence statistics, in particular covariances (used to calculate Reynolds shear stress). This paper demonstrates the usefulness of spectral analysis to detect and characterize narrow-band noise components in turbulent flow records. Statistical principles underlying the use of spectral analysis for noise detection are briefly reviewed. Examples of u and v velocity spectra and cospectra are then presented from actual EMCM velocity records from flume and field deployments that were found to be contaminated by such noises. The sensitivity of the shear stress estimates to even minor noise levels is demonstrated. The use of spectral analysis to correct variance (turbulence intensity) and covariance (shear stress) estimates obtained from records contaminated by narrow-band noise is also illustrated.     

雾迷山旋回层的费希尔图解及其在定义前寒武纪三级海平面变化中的应用

天津蓟县剖面的中元古界雾迷山组是一套厚 3 3 0 0m的碳酸盐岩地层 ,其中广泛发育叠层石生物层及凝块石生物丘。这些生物层及生物丘与潮坪相白云岩和砂泥质白云岩一起构成具有近似对称相序组构的环潮坪型碳酸盐米级旋回层序 ,将其命名为“雾迷山旋回层”。这些旋回层常由泻湖相白云质泥页岩覆盖 ,在其顶常发育古土壤层 ,由此而表明雾迷山旋回层的界面多为瞬时暴露间断面。根据雾迷山旋回层在长周期三级层序中的有序叠加形式 ,可在雾迷山组中识别出 2 6个Ⅲ级层序 ,它们还可进一步归为 6个Ⅱ级层序。为了进一步研究三级海平面的变化幅度和Ⅲ级层序的大致形成时限 ,在露头发育良好的雾迷山组中上部共识别出 62 6个旋回层 ;考虑到雾迷山组的总体厚度 ( 3 3 0 0m)及其大致的总体形成时限 ( 10 3± 2 0Ma左右 ) ,可假定雾迷山组沉积期的总体地壳沉降速率为 2～ 4m/ 10万a。在上述假定的基础上 ,运用费希尔图解来估算三级海平面的变化幅度。