纪念中国早期地质工作的开拓者之一——李捷先生

李捷先生是中国著名的地质学家，是中国早期地质工作的开拓者之一，是中国地质学会的26位创始会员之一。在长达60余年的地质生涯中，李捷先生在区域地质、矿产地质、第四纪冰川、工程地质等方面做了大量工作，在许多方面具有开创性。他是中国第一代由本国培养成长并有重大贡献的地质学家，他把毕生精力献给了他所热爱的地质事业，硕果累累，为社会主义建设作出了重大贡献，无愧于中国地质事业的先驱与奠基人。李捷先生是周口店遗址发掘和研究的中方第一负责人，为北京猿人头盖骨等重大发现奠定了坚实的基础。今年是周口店遗址发掘80周年，李捷先生诞辰112周年，为了纪念李捷先生对中国地质事业和周口店遗址发掘所作出的贡献，在中国第一个“文化遗产日”（2006年6月10日），     

Seasonal and topographic variations in porewaters of a southeastern USA salt marsh as revealed by voltammetric profilingdagger

We report electrochemical profiles from unvegetated surficial sediments of a Georgia salt marsh. In creek bank sediments, the absence of Sigma H2S or FeSaq and the presence of Fe(III)-organic complexes suggest that Mn and Fe reduction dominates over at least the top ca. 5 cm of the sediment column, consistent with other recent results. In unvegetated flats, accumulation of Sigma H2S indicates that SO42- reduction dominates over the same depth. A summer release of dissolved organic species from the dominant tall form Spartina alterniflora, together with elevated temperatures, appears to result in increased SO42- reduction intensity and hence high summer concentrations of Sigma H2S in flat sediments. However, increased bioturbation and/or bioirrigation seem to prevent this from happening in bank sediments. Studies of biogeochemical processes in salt marshes need to take such spatial and temporal variations into account if we are to develop a good understanding of these highly productive ecosystems. Furthermore, multidimensional analyses are necessary to obtain adequate quantitative pictures of such heterogeneous sediments.     

Comparing an estimate of seabirds at risk to a mortality estimate from the November 2004 Terra Nova FPSO oil spill

On 21 November 2004, about 1000 barrels of crude oil were accidentally released from the Terra Nova FPSO (floating production, storage and offloading) onto the Grand Banks, approximately 340 km east-southeast of St. John's, Newfoundland. We estimated the number of vulnerable seabirds (murres (Uria spp.) and dovekies (Alle alle)) at risk from this incident by multiplying observed densities of seabirds with the total area covered by the slick, estimated at 793 km(2). A mean density of 3.46 murres/km(2) and 1.07 dovekies/km(2) on the sea surface was recorded during vessel-based surveys on 28 and 29 November 2004, with a mean density of 6.90 murres/km(2) and 13.43 dovekies/km(2) combining those on the sea and in flight. We calculated a mean of 9858 murres and dovekies were at risk of being oiled, with estimates ranging from 3593 to 16,122 depending on what portion of birds in flight were assumed to be at risk. A mortality model based on spill volume was derived independently of the risk model, and estimated that 4688 (CI 95%: 1905-12,480) birds were killed during this incident. A low mortality estimate based strictly on spill volume would be expected for this incident, which occurred in an area of relatively high seabird densities. Given that the risk and mortality estimates are statistically indistinguishable, we estimate that on the order of 10,000 birds were killed by the Terra Nova spill.     

Ground water dependence of endangered ecosystems: Nebraska's eastern saline wetlands

Many endangered or threatened ecosystems depend on ground water for their survival. Nebraska's saline wetlands, home to a number of endangered species, are ecosystems whose development, sustenance, and survival depend on saline ground water discharge at the surface. This study demonstrates that the saline conditions present within the eastern Nebraska saline wetlands result from the upwelling of saline ground water from within the underlying Dakota Aquifer and deeper underlying formations of Pennsylvanian age. Over thousands to tens of thousands of years, saline ground water has migrated over regional scale flowpaths from recharge zones in the west to the present-day discharge zones along the saline streams of Rock, Little Salt, and Salt Creeks in Lancaster and Saunders counties. An endangered endemic species of tiger beetle living within the wetlands has evolved under a unique set of hydrologic conditions, is intolerant to recent anthropogenic changes in hydrology and salinity, and is therefore on the brink of extinction. As a result, the fragility of such systems demands an even greater understanding of the interrelationships among geology, hydrology, water chemistry, and biology than in less imperiled systems where adaptation is more likely. Results further indicate that when dealing with ground water discharge-dependent ecosystems, and particularly those dependent on dissolved constituents as well as the water, wetland management must be expanded outside of the immediate surface location of the visible ecosystem to include areas where recharge and lateral water movement might play a vital role in wetland hydrologic and chemical mixing dynamics.     

Impacts of a raw sewage spill on water and sediment quality in an urbanized estuary

A sewer main serving a large municipal wastewater system ruptured, discharging approximately 3,000,000 gallons (11,355,000 L) of raw human sewage into a multi-branched tidal creek estuary along the US East Coast. The biochemical oxygen demand caused severe hypoxia in the system, causing a large fish kill. The sewage load led to high fecal coliform bacteria concentrations in the creek (maximum of 270,000 CFU 100ml(-1)), which declined in an approximate logarithmic manner over the first few days. The spill caused elevated sediment fecal coliform bacteria and enterococcus counts that declined much more gradually than water column counts. Persistence of relatively high concentrations of fecal indicator bacteria in sediments for several weeks after the spill suggests that sediment sampling should be included in response to major sewage spills. The high concentration of nutrients in the spilled sewage led to several algal blooms. However, nutrient concentrations in the water column declined rapidly, demonstrating the value of conserving marshes because of their pollutant filtration function.     

基于实测资料对日蒸散发估算模型的比较

利用设置于江西省南昌县的新型高精度自动蒸渗仪,于2007年9月1日至2008年8月31日的实测陆面实际蒸散发过程,检验了面蒸散发互补关系模型CRAE (Complementary Relationship Areal Evapotranspiration)、GG模型 (Granger-Gray)、平流-干旱模型AA (Advection-Aridity)3个逐日路面实际蒸散发模型在不同时间尺度上的计算精度,并对计算误差的影响因素进行了讨论.结果表明:该地区实测年蒸散发量为746.1 mm,采用各模型的推荐经验参数对该地区蒸散发的估算结果误差较大,普遍干旱条件下蒸散发的计算值比观测值偏小,而湿润条件下的计算值偏大.通过对各模型的经验参数进行调整,各模型对年蒸散发量的计算精度大为提高,但逐日蒸散发过程的计算精度改进效果有限,在7日的时间尺度上,计算结果显著优于逐日的计算结果,在此时间尺度下,AA模型仍存在一定的系统误差,CRAE模型的估算精度相对较差,GG模型的总体计算效果相对最好.根据与蒸渗仪观测结果的对比分析,根据区域特征进行参数调整后的模型,需要在7日及更长时间尺度上,蒸散发模型的估算结果较为可靠.上述研究对全面认识陆面实际蒸散发特征、理解各蒸散发模型在不同时间尺度上的模拟能力、正确认识气候变化条件下的水循环特征具有重要意义.     

长江流域潜在蒸发量和实际蒸发量的关系

针对“蒸发悖论”科学问题,从长江流域实际蒸发量变化的原因着手,探讨实际蒸发量与潜在蒸发量之间的关系。研究结果表明：一般情况下当干燥度指数R<0.8时,实际蒸发量与潜在蒸发量为明显的正相反关系,当0.81.0时,实际蒸发量与潜在蒸发量为明显的互补关系。     

1984—2014年影响中国热带气旋的经济损失标准化及其变化特征

根据1984—2014年中国热带气旋损失数据和社会经济统计资料,采用居民消费者物价指数方法(consumer price index,CPI)、常规标准化方法(conventional normalization method,CNM)和替代标准化方法(Alternative Normalization Method,ANM)对影响中国的气旋的直接经济损失进行标准化处理,对比研究了原始的和CPI、CNM、ANM等三种标准化的灾害损失时空特征。研究结果表明:(1) 原始损失值有利于与同年其他灾种损失进行对比以及数据的逐年延长更新,而标准化后的损失值有利于长时间序列的时空比较研究,其中,CPI方法计算简单,易于推广,可用于中国灾害损失的数据处理与分析汇总,而在人口和财富快速增长的地区,CNM和ANM方法有利于体现人口和财富对损失的影响,在长时间序列的时空比较研究方面更具优势;(2) 1984—2014年,共有243个影响气旋影响中国大陆的22个省(区、市),气旋频数多年来没有显著变化趋势,但未登陆的影响气旋和台风(TY)强度及以上等级的影响气旋频数多年来皆呈明显增加趋势;(3) 1984—2014年影响气旋所造成的直接经济损失在原始的和经CPI标准化后的序列中均呈显著增加趋势,而经CNM和ANM标准化后的序列则无明显趋势,原始序列中最高损失年是2013年,CPI、CNM和ANM标准化后损失序列在1996年达到最高值后经历了由高到低的突变,原始的以及三种标准化后的损失序列均存在2~3年的周期振荡,浙江、广东和福建省始终是直接经济损失最高的三个省份;(4) 在对中国大陆造成最高直接经济损失的十个影响气旋中,1996年的“赫伯”(Herb)始终位居首位,而其他影响气旋的排序位次因标准化与否以及标准化方法的不同而有明显差异。      

四十年来长江流域气温、降水与径流变化趋势

40 a来,长江流域大部分地区年平均温度呈现上升趋势,20世纪90年代增温幅度最大; 在季节变化上,除了夏季,其他季节都呈升高趋势;全流域夏季降水量显著增加,尤其表现在20世纪90年代,这主要由于长江流域大部分地区夏季暴雨日数显著增加的结果;夏季径流量和年最大洪峰流量在长江中下游地区均呈现显著增加趋势。长江流域夏季降水量的增加,尤其是暴雨日数的增多必然会增加长江流域中下游地区的洪水风险。20世纪90年代以来,长江洪水的频繁发生是对气候变暖的响应。