GPS控制的航空摄影测量

ＧＰＳ卫星全球定位系统与航空摄影测量的结合使得为地形测图目的而建立大地控制的效率有了提高。本文的目的旨在讨论ＧＰＳ控制的航空摄影测量的概念，理论基础以及到目前为止所获得的一些试验结果。试验表明，在无地面控制的情况下，ＧＰＳ控制的航空摄影测量所能达到的平面精度优于０．０４ｍ。最后，本文对一些问题进行了讨论，特别是针对大比例尺测图作业的情况，这些问题必须引起重视，以确保在实践中有条不紊地朝这一新技术过     

Honduras: Caribbean Coast

The coast of Honduras, Central America, represents the southern end of the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System, although its marine resources are less extensive and studied than nearby Belize and Mexico. However, the coastal zone contains mainland reef formations, mangroves, wetlands, seagrass beds and extensive fringing reefs around its offshore islands, and has a key role in the economy of the country. Like most tropical areas, this complex of benthic habitats experiences limited annual variation in climatic and oceanographic conditions but seasonal and occasional conditions, particularly coral bleaching and hurricanes, are important influences. The effects of stochastic factors on the country's coral reefs were clearly demonstrated during 1998 when Honduras experienced a major hurricane and bleaching event. Any natural or anthropogenic impacts on reef health will inevitably affect other countries in Latin America, and vice versa, since the marine resources are linked via currents and the functioning of the system transcends political boundaries. Much further work on, for example, movement of larvae and transfer of pollutants is required to delineate the full extent of these links.

Anthropogenic impacts, largely driven by the increasing population and proportion of people living in coastal areas, are numerous and include key factors such as agricultural run-off, over-fishing, urban and industrial pollution (particularly sewage) and infrastructure development. Many of these threats act synergistically and, for example, poor watershed management via shifting cultivation, increases sedimentation and pesticide run-off onto coral reefs, which increases stress to corals already affected by decreasing water quality and coral bleaching. Threats from agriculture and fishing are particularly significant because of the size of both industries. The desire to generate urgently required revenue within Honduras has also led to increased tourism which provides an over-arching stress to marine resources since most tourists spend time in the coastal zone. Hence the last decade has seen a dramatic increase in coastal development, a greater requirement for sewage treatment and more demand for freshwater, particularly in the Bay Islands.

Although coastal zone management is relatively recent in Honduras, it is gaining momentum from both large-scale initiatives, such as the Ministry of Tourism's ‘Bay Islands Environmental Management Project', and national and international NGO projects. For example, a series of marine protected areas and legislative regulations have been established, but management capacity, enforcement and monitoring are limited by funding, expertise and training. Existing and future initiatives, supported by increased political will and environmental awareness of stakeholders, are vital for the long-term economic development of the country.     

Population of the Scattered Kuiper Belt

We study how the internal structure of dark halos is affected if cold dark matter particles are assumed to have a large cross section for elastic collisions. We identify a cluster halo in a large cosmological N-body simulation and resimulate its formation with progressively increasing resolution. We compare the structure found in the two cases in which dark matter is treated as collisionless or as a fluid. For the collisionless case, the overall ellipticity of the cluster, the central density cusp, and the amount of surviving substructure are all similar to those found in earlier high-resolution simulations. Collisional dark matter results in a cluster that is more nearly spherical at all radii, has a steeper central density cusp, and has less-but still substantial-surviving substructure. As in the collisionless case, these results for a "fluid" cluster halo are expected to carry over approximately to smaller mass systems. The observed rotation curves of dwarf galaxies then argue that self-interacting dark matter can only be viable if intermediate cross sections produce structure that does not lie between the extremes we have simulated.     

海洋电测系统的发展

罗斯基勒（Ｒｏｓｋｉｌｄｅ）大学（丹麦）开展沿海地区的环境监测已有若干年了,其中包括不久前在波罗地海区与俄罗斯圣彼德堡科学工作者们的一项重要国际合作。起初研究这些方法是为了确定矿物原料在海底的位置,但目前这些方法已完全可用于一般的环境监测。在不久的将来,一些电测方法肯定会有产业性的突破。这种进步好比６０年代海洋地震带来的重要突破。电阻率法、电阻抗谱法（ＥＩＳ）与自然电场法的组合,包括离子选择电极（