西安地铁二号线沿线地裂缝特征、危害及对策

地裂缝是西安地区典型的地质灾害,对该地区的各类工程建筑、交通设施、城市生命线工程及土地资源造成威胁,尤其是对拟建的西安地铁二号线的施工与安全运营影响更大。本文首先介绍了西安地裂缝的基本特征,然后阐述了西安地铁二号线穿越地裂缝的基本情况。根据实际观测数据及地表累计活动量确定了地铁二号线穿越的各条地裂缝在不同时间段的活动速率及地裂缝活动的影响范围,在此基础上提出了针对地裂缝灾害的防治措施。     

Assessing herbicide concentrations in the saturated and unsaturated zone of a Chalk aquifer in southern England

The behavior of the herbicides isoproturon (IPU) and chlortoluron (CTU) in ground water and shallow unsaturated zone sediments were evaluated at a site situated on the Chalk in southern England. Concentrations of IPU in ground water samples varied from < 0.05 to 0.23 microgram/L over a five-year period of monitoring, and were found to correlate with application of the pesticide. Concentrations of pesticides in ground water samples collected during periods of rising water table were significantly higher than pumped samples and suggest that rapidly infiltrating recharge water contains higher herbicide concentrations than the native ground water. Significant variations in herbicide concentrations were observed over a three-month period in ground water samples collected by an automated system, with concentrations of IPU ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 microgram/L, and concentrations of a recent application of CTU ranging from 0.2 to 0.8 microgram/L. Different extraction methods were used to assess pore water concentrations of herbicides in the unsaturated zone, and samples were analyzed by standard HPLC analysis and immunoassay (ELISA) methods. These data indicated highly variable concentrations of herbicide ranging from 4 to 200 g/ha for HPLC and 0.01 to 0.04 g/ha for ELISA, but indicate a general pattern of decreasing concentrations with depth. The results of this study indicate that transport of IPU and CTU through the unsaturated zone to shallow ground water occurs and that this transport increases immediately following herbicide application. Measured concentrations of herbicides are generally lower than specified by the European Union Drinking Water Directive, but are observed to spike above this limit. These results imply that, while delivery of pesticides to ground water can occur as a result of normal agricultural practices, the impact on potable supplies is likely to be negligible due to the potential for degradation during the relatively long travel time through the unsaturated zone and high degree of dilution that occurs within the aquifer. As a result of the wide variation in concentrations detected by different techniques, it is suggested that for future site investigations more than one sampling strategy be employed to characterize the occurrence of pesticide residues and elucidate the transport mechanisms.     

SEDIMENT DAMAGES AND RECENT TRENDS IN THE UNITED STATES

lINTRODUCTIONWeoftenhavethepercepti0nthatsedimentisthebr0wnishoryell0wishcoloringinrunoffwater,thatlooksunpleasant,buteventually"g0esaway,"downstream,unseen.Butsedimentisn0tonlyaestheticallyunpleasant,itisalsoacarrierofpotentialchemicalc0ntaminants,fillsupwaterb0dies,andcausesphysicaldamaget0farmland,wildlife,andwatertreatmentsystemsandpowergenefat0rs.ThepurposeofthispaPeristoprovidean0verallperspectiveonthemagnitudeandtrendsofsedimelltasap0llutritintheUnitedStates.2CURRENTKNOWLEDG…     

单张象片定点——用于地形图修测和地质信息转绘

本文介绍了一种用于地形图修测和地质信息转绘的单张象片定点方法,论证了此法的基本原理和具体操作程序,并以实例作以说明。     

山西"05.6"罕见高温天气过程分析

对2005年6月17日～23日山西出现的连续高温天气进行了诊断分析,结果表明:此次高温天气主要是由于受深厚暖高脊持续控制,后期强度增强形成河套高压,高压系统区存在较强的下沉运动引起的;同时受地面热低压东移影响,地面高温出现增幅。     

Assessment of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in plasma of bottlenose dolphins from two southeast US estuarine areas: relationship with age, sex and geographic locations

Plasma PFCs were measured in 157 bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) sampled from two US southeast Atlantic sites (Charleston (CHS), SC and Indian River Lagoon (IRL), FL) during 2003-2005. ∑PFCs, perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (∑PFCAs), perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (∑PFSAs) and individual compounds were significantly higher in CHS dolphins for all age/sex categories compared to IRL dolphins. Highest ∑PFCs concentrations occurred in CHS juvenile dolphins (2340 ng/g w.w.); significantly higher than found in adults (1570 ng/g w.w. males; 1330 ng/g w.w. females). ∑PFCAs were much greater in CHS dolphins (≈ 21%) compared to IRL dolphins (≈ 7%); ∑PFSAs were 79% in CHS dolphins versus 93% in IRL dolphins. PFOS, the dominant compound, averaged 72% and 84%, respectively, in CHS and IRL dolphins. Decreasing PFC levels occurred with age on the bioaccumulation of PFCs in both sites. These observations suggest PFC accumulation in these two dolphin populations are influenced by site-specific exposures with significantly higher levels in CHS dolphins.     

Multilevel samplers as microcosms to assess microbial response to biostimulation

Passive multilevel samplers (MLS) containing a solid matrix for microbial colonization were used as in situ microcosms in conjunction with a push-pull biostimulation experiment designed to promote biological U(VI) and Tc(VII) reduction. MLS were deployed at 24 elevations in the injection well and two downgradient wells to investigate the spatial variability in microbial community composition and growth prior to and following biostimulation. The microbial community was characterized by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) quantification of bacteria, NO(3)(-)-reducing bacteria (nirS and nirK), delta-proteobacteria, Geobacter sp., and methanogens (mcrA). Pretest cell densities were low overall but varied substantially with significantly greater bacterial populations detected at circumneutral pH (t-test, alpha= 0.05), suggesting carbon substrate and low pH limitations of microbial activity. Although pretest cell densities were low, denitrifying bacteria were dominant members of the microbial community. Biostimulation with an ethanol-amended ground water resulted in concurrent NO(3)(-) and Tc(VII) reduction, followed by U(VI) reduction. Q-PCR analysis of MLS revealed significant (1 to 2 orders of magnitude, Mann-Whitney U-test, alpha= 0.05) increases in cell densities of bacteria, denitrifiers, delta-proteobacteria, Geobacter sp., and methanogens in response to biostimulation. Traditionally, characterization of sediment samples has been used to investigate the microbial community response to biostimulation; however, collection of sediment samples is expensive and not conducive to deep aquifers or temporal studies. The results presented demonstrate that push-pull tests with passive MLS provide an inexpensive approach to determine the effect of biostimulation on contaminant concentrations, geochemical conditions, and the microbial community composition and function.     

塔中40油田东河砂岩储层特征及其控制因素

东河砂岩是塔中40油田的主要产层，根据岩性不同，由上至下可分含砾砂岩段和均质砂岩段，两段储层的储集物性相差很大，其中均质砂岩较好，通过岩心观察储层岩石学戚岩作用和孔隙演化等多种特征研究，认为含砾砂岩段为临滨亚相的产物，均质砂岩段为前滨亚相的产物，这是两段储层物性相差大的重要原因之一．在岩石组份上，含砾砂岩中碳酸盐胶结物的含量比均质砂岩高得多，通过细致的微观特征分析，认为这种碳酸盐胶结物可能是埋藏过程中粘土矿物蒙脱石向伊利石转化，析出的钙、镁、铁等离子与碳酸根离子反应所产生；这些碳酸盐胶结物后被溶蚀形成现今的储层．含砾砂岩段储层较差可能是由于其沉积于临滨环境，源始孔隙度较低，成岩改造后相对更致密，在溶蚀过程中，溶蚀流体通过少，胶结物被溶蚀的少所形成．沉积相和成岩作用中的胶结作用、溶蚀作用是东河砂岩储层发育的主要控制因素．     

塔里木盆地中部地区志留系油藏两期成藏特征

塔里木中部地区志留系几个油藏原油性质存在明显差异.据油藏储层包裹体、成岩作用、沥青砂岩分布特征和志留系沉积构造背景等认为志留系油藏存在两期成藏过程,早期成藏时间为志留纪末,随即志留系抬升地表,油藏遭受大气淡水淋滤和细菌作用破坏,留下大量沥青和一定量的稠油显示.志留系油藏第二期成藏时期在白垩-早第三纪,后期充注是志留系下砂岩段油藏成为具有工业价值油藏的重要条件.