喜马拉雅山南地区地热水和钙华地球化学特征与成因机制

喜马拉雅山南地区拥有丰富的地热资源。开展地热水和钙华成因机制的研究,有助于了解地热资源特征和古气候变迁信息,对丰富山南地热资源的系统性研究和青藏高原气候环境变化研究均具有重要理论意义。本文以喜马拉雅东段山南地区的邛多江、古堆和曲卓木的三个温泉为研究对象,通过采集温泉地热水和钙华数据,综合分析了地热水水-岩作用特征、热储温度估算、补给来源追溯和温泉钙华的成因类型、形成年代、古气候意义等。结果表明：邛多江温泉的水化学类型为HCO₃·Cl-Na·Ca型;古堆日若沸泉的水化学类型为HCO₃·SO₄-Ca·Na型;古堆茶卡沸泉的水化学类型为Cl-Na型;曲卓木热泉的水化学类型为Cl·SO₄-Na·Ca型。温泉地热水中的阴阳离子来源主要是硅酸盐岩的溶解以及部分碳酸盐岩和盐岩的溶解。由于温泉地热水均未达到水-岩平衡状态,利用石英地热温标得出浅部热储温度为129～148℃,利用硅-焓图解得出深部热储温度和冷水混合比例为181～221℃和58%～65%;氢氧同位素显示地热水补给高程为4467～5303 m。在山南地区,地热水受到高海拔大气降水和冰雪融水的补给,通过主要断裂构造运移到深部加热并在高温高压下沿着裂隙、节理上升,然后与浅层冷水混合,最后沿浅部地表松散破碎带出露形成温泉。温泉钙华CaO占比43.43%～56.66%,且显示出轻稀土元素富集的特点;δ¹³C指示温泉钙华为热成因,钙华中的碳主要来自于深部碳酸盐岩的变质成因,仅古堆日若沸泉有部分地幔碳;¹⁴C测年显示钙华的年龄为21280±70～43500年,Mg/Ca、Mg/Sr比值指示降雨量在43.50 ka年由峰值迅速减弱,并在42 ka～21.28 ka年期间降雨量又逐渐增强。     

支持向量机组合方法在砂泥岩储层岩性识别中的应用

岩性是表征储油物性、建立各类地质模型的重要参数,其与测井参数的函数关系很复杂。基于支持向量机一类对一类法对岩性识别分类精度不高的现状,结合二叉树法初始分类精度较高、分类速度快等优点,提出了一种新的组合方法——一类对一类法与二叉树法的结合应用。该方法对样本数据较少的类别设置权重系数,减少样本不平衡的影响,并利用几何平均准确率作为评价岩心识别效果的指标,其对岩性的分类效果远优于单一方法。具体步骤为:首先对不均衡的样本设置相应的权重系数,然后利用二叉树法将易于与砂泥岩区分的灰岩区分开来,再利用一对一分类法将剩下的砂泥岩样本进行分类。运用此方法对某油田测井数据进行岩性分类,分类的整体准确率以及几何平均准确率均有很大的提高。     

碳排放和减碳的社会经济代价研究进展与方法探究

碳排放和减碳的社会经济影响与代价评估日益受到学术界和决策者的关注,本文综合分析了全球范围内碳排放与减碳社会经济影响的重要科学问题和国内外研究现状,基于卫星最新观测到的全球CO₂非均匀分布的事实,针对温控1.5 ℃和2 ℃阈值情景,探讨了全球二氧化碳非均匀动态分布与地表温度时空关系,全球二氧化碳非均匀动态分布状况下主要国家碳排放空间评价以及温控1.5 ℃和2 ℃阈值情景下中国碳排放和减碳社会经济代价评估等问题可采取的技术模型方案,并提出了构建新气候变化经济学的理论方法与技术体系。本文构建的技术路线和研究方法拟为国家制订各项应对碳排放和减碳战略与对策、减缓气候变化并实现可持续转型、提升中国在应对气候变化领域的国际话语权等方面提供决策支持。     

肇庆台数字化地磁观测资料震磁关系的分析研究

使用肇庆地磁台2003～2005年的高精度数字化地磁观测资料,采用地磁短周期转换函数、加卸载响应比等方法,系统地分析研究了肇庆地磁台周边地区在此期间的震磁异常对应关系。研究结果表明,在2004年9月17日阳江M_L 5．2级地震前,肇庆地磁台的地磁短周期转换函数A、B,加卸载响应比P(Z)均有比较明显的前兆异常。该异常具有中期异常特征,而对临震异常特征识别则不好区分和把握。     

基于改进Super-Twisting滑模与干扰观测器AUV控制方法

以X 舵智能水下机器人(Autonomous Underwater Vehicle,AUV)为研究对象,提出了一种改进 Super-Twisting 滑模与非线性干扰观测器结合的 AUV 控制方法。首先,对 AUV 进行了运动学、动力学以及 X 舵分配进行了建模;之后,按照 Super-Twisting 理论设计了 AUV 控制器;然后,考虑到原算法中符号函数引起的控制输出抖振现象,提出了基于 Sigmoid 函数的改进 Super-Twisting 控制器,考虑到未建模动态以及外部环境干扰,设计了非线性干扰观测器对集总干扰进行补偿;最后,通过仿真验证了所提控制器的有效性。仿真表明,在干扰影响条件下,所提方法能够在大幅降低输出抖振并保证良好的控制精度。     

Rates of active deformation in the Aegean Sea and surrounding regions

Abstract Average strain rates are calculated from earthquakes in the period 1908-81 that occurred in the Aegean Sea extensional region, and in the convergent zone associated with the Hellenic Trench. In spite of large uncertainties resulting from the use of an M_S : M_o relationship, seismic N-S extensional rates in the Aegean are in the region 20–60 mm yr^-1 whereas seismic shortening rates in the Hellenic Trench are less than about 15 mm yr^-1. This is surprising because Africa and Eurasia are known to be converging, not separating. This apparent anomaly is caused by most of the convergence in the Hellenic Trench occurring aseismically. By contrast, the seismic extensional rates in the Aegean agree quite well with those expected from other arguments. The present day extensional rates are sufficiently high for McKenzie's instantaneous stretching model to be applicable. There is some evidence that these high extensional rates have operated throughout the last 5 Myr.     

Field measurements of the flux and speed of wind-blown sand

A field experiment was conducted to measure the flux and speed of wind-blown sand under known conditions in a natural setting. The experiment, run at Pismo Beach, California, involved a tract 100 m long (parallel with the wind) by 20 m wide. The site was instrumented with four arrays of anemometers to obtain wind velocity profiles through the lower atmospheric boundary-layer, temperature probes to determine atmospheric stability and wind vanes to determine wind direction. From these measurements, wind friction speeds were derived for each experimental run. In order to measure sand saltation flux, a trench 3 m long by 10 m wide (transverse to the wind direction) by 0·5 m deep was placed at the downwind end of the tract and lined with 168 collector bins, forming an ‘egg-box’ pattern. The mass of particles collected in each bin was determined for four experimental runs. In order to assess various sand-trap systems used in previous experiments, 12 Leatherman traps, one Fryberger trap and one array of Ames traps were deployed to collect particles concurrently with the trench collection. Particle velocities were determined from analysis of high-speed (3000 and 5000 frames per second) motion pictures and from a particle velocimeter. Sand samples were collected from the trench bins and the various sand traps and grain size distributions were determined. Fluxes for each run were calculated using various previously published expressions, and then compared with the flux derived from the trench collection. Results show that Bagnold's (1941) model and White's (1979) equation most closely agree with values derived from the trench. Comparison of the various collector systems shows that the Leatherman and Ames traps most closely agree with the flux derived from the trench, although these systems tended to under-collect particles. Particle speeds were measured from analysis of motion pictures for saltating particles in ascending and descending parts of their trajectories. Results show that particle velocities from the velocimeter are in the range 0·5–7·0 m s^?1, compared to a wind friction velocity of 0·32–0·43 m s^?1 and a wind velocity of 2·7–3·9 m s^?1 at the height of the particle measurements. Descending particles tended to exceed the speeds of ascending particles by ～ 0·5 m s^?1.     

Partial Melt Distributions from Inversion of Rare Earth Element Concentrations

Inverse theory is used to calculate the melt distribution requiredto produce the rare earth element concentrations in a wide varietyof terrestrial and extra-terrestrial magmas. The concentrationsof the major and minor elements in the source regions are assumedto be the same as those for the bulk Earth, and the peridotitemineralogy calculated from the mineral compositions by leastsquares. Rare earth element partition coefficients are thenused for inversion, assuming the melt generation is by fractionalmelting. The mean composition of the magmas is taken to be anestimate of the average composition of the melt. For n-typcand e-type MORB the results agree well with the adiabatic decompressioncalculations if the potential temperatures are 1300 and 1500?Crespectively. The major and minor element compositions calculatedfrom the melt distribution obtained from the inversion alsoagree well with those observed. The observations are consistentwith a melt fraction that increases monotonically towards thesurface, starting at 80 km and producing 9 km of melt in thecase of n-type MORB, and at 120 km to produce 23 km in thecase of e-type MORB. The inversion calculations show that the melt fractions producedbeneath an intact plate by a plume like that beneath Hawaiiare smaller, and are also in agreement with the adiabatic calculationsif the potential temperature of the plume is 1500?C. Much ofthe melt is produced in the depth and temperature range of thetransition from garnet to spinel peridotite, in agreement withlaboratory experiments and with the full convective models ofthe Hawaiian plume. The inversion calculations show that thesource region for Hawaiian tholeiites changes with time fromprimitive to depleted mantle. This behaviour is likely to resultfrom percolation, and the processes involved can be understoodwith the help of a simple analytic model. The last, post-erosional,magmas produced on Oahu come from a source that has been uniformlyenriched in all rare earth elements by a factor of about two.Magmas associated with island arcs come from two sources. Oneresembles that of n-type MORB, and probably is produced by adiabaticupwelling. The other generates calc-alkaline basalt stronglyenriched in light rare earth elements, but with a smaller constantenrichment between Gd and Lu. This composition is consistentwith the extraction of a melt fraction of 1% from a source containing9% of amphibole. Such a source region can also account for thelow values of Ti and Nb, and perhaps also of Ta, observed inisland arc magmas. Basaltic andesites and andesites from islandarcs show the same amphibole signature, and can be producedfrom the calc-alkaline basalts by fractional crystallizationif amphibole separates with olivine and orthopyroxene. The percolationof a small melt fraction through a mantle wedge that containsconsiderable amounts of amphibole can only transport very incompatibleelements, such as He, U, Th, and Rb, towards the Earth's surface.Sr and Nd are likely to be too compatible to move against thematrix flow, but Pb may do so locally. These results have importantimplications for the isotopic systematics of the upper mantle. The melt distributions obtained from ophiolites are like thosefor island arc tholeiites, though a potential temperature of1400 ?C fits the results better than does one of 1300?C. Archaeantholeiites and basaltic komatiites give melt distributions similarto that of e-type MORB from Iceland, and can be produced byadiabatic decompression if the mantle potential temperatureis 1500cC, with tholeiites having lost more material by fractionalcrystallization. The melt distribution obtained from komatiitesrequires the melt fraction to reach 60% at the surface. Thoughthe calculated compositions agree with those observed, decompressionis unable to generate such large melt fractions. Inversion shows that plateau basalts can be produced from theupper mantle beneath the plates by adiabatic upwelling beneatha mechanical boundary layer 60 km thick. Many of the variedalkali-rich continental magmas are generated by melting an enrichedsource in the stability field of garnet peridotite. The averageenrichment required, by a factor of between two and five, canbe produced by the addition of a small melt fraction. Carbonatitesshow no evidence of amphibole involvement at any stage, a resultthat is consistent with their formation by liquid immiscibility.Inversion of the rare earth element concentrations in shalesgives a melt distribution similar to that from calc-alkalinebasalts from island arcs, with a strong amphibole signature.Generation of the continental crust by separation of calc-alkalinemagma from 40% of the mantle can account for the differencebetween primitive and depleted mantle. Low-K highland basalts from the Moon can be produced directlyfrom the average primitive lunar mantle if the melt fractioninvolved is ?0-5%, and if they were generated in the stabilityfield of plagioclase and spinel peridotite. Intermediate-K highlandbasalts come from a source that has been enriched by a factorof about two, and show no evidence of amphibole involvement.The rare earth concentrations in mare basalts require melt fractionsof up to 7% in the spinel peridotite stability field, and canbe generated by adiabatic upwelling of mantle whose potentialtemperature is 1300?C beneath a mechanical boundary layer thatis 150 km thick. Because lunar gravity is only one-sixth ofthat of the Earth, the thickness of the melting zone and thevolume of melt produced are six times greater for the Moon thanfor the Earth for the same value of Tp. Both low-Ti and high-Timare basalts may have lost as much as 70 and 85% respectivelyof their original material through crystal fractionation. Itis, however, difficult to understand how such an origin canaccount for the high magnesium concentrations. Basaltic achondritesinvolve melt fractions of 10-15%, generated in the spinel orplagioclase stability field.     

SEDIMENTARY CHARACTERISTICS AND CLIMATIC ANALYSIS OF EASTERLY DUST STORMS IN THE NEGEV (ISRAEL)

Sedimentary and meteorological characteristics of easterly dust storms causing severe damage in the Negev in November 1958 are analysed. Though the heavy storm originated in weather conditions outside of the affected area, the intense dustiness was of a more local nature. The sedimentological character of the dust indicates that the largest portion was of local origin, picked up by the turbulent current in the loess area of the northern Negev on its passage westward. Total quantity of sediment transported in the Beersheba Basin is estimated to be 10–20 million tons. The analysis of climatic data and of sedimentary characteristics of several other dust samples indicates that though severe dust storms can produce dramatic effects in transporting and deposition of aeolian dust, the rare occurrence of easterly dust storms does not make it likely that they were responsible for the import of aeolian sediments found in the northern Negev.     

Peat multi-proxy data from Männikjärve bog as indicators of late Holocene climate changes in Estonia

Sillasoo, Ü., Mauquoy, D., Blundell, A., Charman, D., Blaauw, M., Daniell, J. R. G., Toms, P., Newberry, J., Chambers, F M. & Karofeld, E. 2007 (January): Peat multi‐proxy data from Männikjärve bog as indicators of late Holocene climate changes in Estonia. Boreas, Vol. 36, pp. 20–37. Oslo. ISSN 0300–9483. As part of a wider project on European climate change over the past 4500 years, a 4.5‐m peat core was taken from a lawn microform on Männikjärve bog, Estonia. Several methods were used to yield proxy‐climate data: (i) a quadrat and leaf‐count method for plant macrofossil data, (ii) testate amoebae analysis, and (iii) colorimetric determination of peat humification. These data are provided with an exceptionally high resolution and precise chronology. Changes in bog surface wetness were inferred using Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) and zonation of macrofossil data, particularly concerning the occurrence of Sphagnum balticum, and a transfer function for water‐table depth for testate amoebae data. Based on the results, periods of high bog surface wetness appear to have occurred at c. 3100,3010–2990,2300, 1750–1610, 1510, 1410, 1110, 540 and 310 cal. yr BP, during four longer periods between c. 3170 and 2850 cal. yr BP, 2450 and 2000 cal. yr BP, 1770 and 1530 cal. yr BP and in the period from 880 cal. yr BP until the present. In the period between 1770 and 1530 cal. yr BP, the extension or initiation of a hollow microtope occurred, which corresponds with other research results from Mannikjarve bog. This and other changes towards increasing bog surface wetness may be the responses to colder temperatures and the predominance of a more continental climate in the region, which favoured the development of bog micro‐depressions and a complex bog microtopography. Located in the border zone of oceanic and continental climatic sectors, in an area almost without land uplift, this study site may provide valuable information about changes in palaeohydrological and palaeoclimatological conditions in the northern parts of the eastern Baltic Sea region.