Urban forest loss using a GIS-based approach and instruments for integrated urban planning:A case study of Jo(a)o Pessoa,Brazil

Urban forests play an important role in the thermal comfort and overall life of local populations in large-and medium-sized cities.This study analyzes urban forest loss and maps land use and land cover (LULC) changes between 1991 and 2018 by evaluating the use of urban planning instruments for the mitigation of urban forest loss in Jo～o Pessoa,Brazil.For this purpose,satellite-derived LULC images from 1991,2006,2010 and 2018 and data on urban forest loss areas obtained using the Google Earth Engine were used.In addi-tion,this paper also discusses the instruments used for integrated urban planning,which are(a) the legal sector,responsibility and nature;(b) the urban expansion process;and (c) the elements of urban infrastructure.The results show a clear shift in land use in the study area.The major changes in LULC classes occurred in urban areas and herbaceous vegetation,while the greatest loss was in arboreal/shrub vegetation.Thus,an increase in the pressure to occupy zones intended for environmental preservation could be estimated.Our results showed similar accuracies with other studies and more spatial details.The characteristics of the patterns,traces,and hotspots of urban expansion and forest cover loss were explored.We highlighted the potential use of this proposed framework to be applied and validated in other parts of the world to help better understand and quantify various aspects of ur-ban-related problems such as urban forest loss mapping using instruments for integrated urban planning and low-cost approaches.     

上海淀山湖水生高等植物现状及其近30年变化

于2009年8月至2010年5月调查淀山湖水生高等植物现状.并结合历史资料分析其近30年变化,探讨水生植被的发展趋势及退化原因.淀山湖现有水生高等植物29种,隶属18科,25属,栽培种、外来种比例较过去升高.30年来水生植被(尤其是沉水植被)面积严重萎缩,主要植被类型从沉水植物占优势转变为漂浮植物占优势,沉水植被主要优...     

C60全珊瑚海水混凝土的钢筋锈蚀行为研究

采用线性极化电阻法,测试了C60全珊瑚海水混凝土（coral aggregate seawater concrete,简称CASC）的线性极化曲线、自腐蚀电位（E_corr）和极化电阻（R_p）,研究了不同暴露时间、不同种类钢筋CASC的钢筋腐蚀行为,提出了提升岛礁CASC结构耐久性的建议措施。结果表明：随着暴露时间的延长,CASC的E_corr和R_p均逐渐降低,钢筋的耐蚀性能逐渐减弱。不同种类钢筋CASC耐蚀性能规律为：316不锈钢筋优于有机新涂层钢筋,优于普通钢筋。即使暴露0 d,CASC中普通钢筋仍会发生锈蚀,表明普通钢筋在不附加任何防腐措施的条件下不适用于岛礁CASC结构。综合分析阻锈效果和成本因素,316不锈钢筋的性价比明显低于有机新涂层钢筋,建议岛礁CASC工程优先选用有机新涂层钢筋。     

Regularized sparse‐grid geometric sampling for uncertainty analysis in non‐linear inverse problems

This paper introduces an efficiency improvement to the sparse‐grid geometric sampling methodology for assessing uncertainty in non‐linear geophysical inverse problems. Traditional sparse‐grid geometric sampling works by sampling in a reduced‐dimension parameter space bounded by a feasible polytope, e.g., a generalization of a polygon to dimension above two. The feasible polytope is approximated by a hypercube. When the polytope is very irregular, the hypercube can be a poor approximation leading to computational inefficiency in sampling. We show how the polytope can be regularized using a rotation and scaling based on principal component analysis. This simple regularization helps to increase the efficiency of the sampling and by extension the computational complexity of the uncertainty solution. We demonstrate this on two synthetic 1D examples related to controlled‐source electromagnetic and amplitude versus offset inversion. The results show an improvement of about 50% in the performance of the proposed methodology when compared with the traditional one. However, as the amplitude versus offset example shows, the differences in the efficiency of the proposed methodology are very likely to be dependent on the shape and complexity of the original polytope. However, it is necessary to pursue further investigations on the regularization of the original polytope in order to fully understand when a simple regularization step based on rotation and scaling is enough.     

塔里木河干流输水运行对河流生态功效的分析

塔里木河干流在2005年阿拉尔站的年径流量为57.18×108 m3,属丰水年,上、中、下游耗水量分别为31.63×108m3、18.93×108 m3、7.206×108 m3.1960-2004年新渠满站水文断面河床总淤积厚度达120 cm,由于河床淤积,洪水漫溢不断增大,导致上游段耗水量呈不断增加趋势.2005年实施了第七次生态输水,向下游"绿色走廊"输水2.80×108m3.从2000-2005年向塔里木河下游绿色走廊应急输水,共七次累计输水时间900天,前期主要利用开都-孔雀河处在丰水期的有利时机,后期靠塔里木河流域综合治理成果和上游三源流的水量增加.总计从博斯腾湖和干流调水25.06×108m3,自大西海子水库泄洪闸向塔里木河最下游河道输水量达20.40×108m3.2005年水头连续五次到达台特玛湖,不仅使塔里木河下游绿色走廊生态条件得到了改善,而且也使干流两侧胡杨林生态林草得到较快的恢复,并使塔里木河干流全程流水的受损河流生态系统得到了修复.塔里木河干流区域林草面积142.1×104hm2,其中上游段46.8×104hm2,约占干流林草总面积的33.0%,位居第二,中游段81.1×104hm2,占总面积的57.1%,位居第一,而下游段14.1×104hm2,占总面积的9.9%,位居第三.结果显示,塔里木河干流上游、中游的植被面积与水量消耗极不协调.2001-2005年上游消耗水量均超过了塔里木河干流初始水权比例下的分配额度.为了保障塔里木河干流实现永久输水和维护其区域生态功能,建议急需对上游河段采取河道整治和疏浚等工程措施,进一步调整干流上、中、下游区水量泄放比例,才能使得塔里木河的综合治理实现生态河流目标.     

柴达木盆地北缘果可山石英闪长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年及其成因

柴达木盆地北缘果可山地区石英闪长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年获得的206 Pb/238 U加权平均年龄为247±3 Ma。石英闪长岩由斜长石(55%~60%)、石英(15%~20%)、角闪石(10%~15%)和黑云母(5%~10%)组成,属准铝质-弱过铝质系列(A/CNK=0.95~1.02),具有I型花岗岩特征。样品富集轻稀土元素和大离子亲石元素(K、Rb、Cs、Ba、Th等),相对亏损重稀土元素和高场强元素(Nb、Ta、P、Ti等),类似弧岩浆岩。样品中MgO含量(2.04%~2.44%)和Mg#值(48.9~51.9)均高于变玄武岩/变泥岩在1~4GPa压力下部分熔融形成的熔体,且包含大量暗色包体,这暗示它们可能是由角闪岩相下地壳部分熔融产生的岩浆和富集地幔来源的岩浆发生混合而成。低的锆石Ti温度和高Ce~(4+)/Ce~(3+)比值,表明其结晶自低温、高氧逸度岩浆,岩浆形成过程中可能有富水熔体/流体的加入。在花岗岩构造环境判别图解上,样品均落在火山弧环境;同时,样品La/Nb比值(2.27~2.64)与活动大陆边缘区高La/Nb比值(2.0)特征相吻合。结合区域地质背景分析,我们认为果可山石英闪长岩形成于古特提斯洋向北俯冲的活动大陆边缘弧环境。     

滇东南法郎组含锰地层沉积相分析

滇东南中三叠统法郎组是重要的含锰地层,前人对其沉积环境的认识却存在着深水浊流沉积和浅水潮坪沉积的争议。本文通过对建水-开远地区典型剖面的研究,认为法郎组为浊积扇沉积。法郎组底部为碳酸盐滑塌沉积、碎眉流沉积与泥岩粉砂岩互层,中上部逐渐由外扇渐变为中扇辫状水道和辫状水道间沉积,顶部为内扇补给水道和溢岸沉积。相对海水深度总体表现为在拉丁早期逐渐加深,到拉丁中晚期有逐渐变浅。锰矿层主要发育在底部的碎屑流沉积中,其彤成可能与拉丁早期相对水深的增高有关。     

贵州岑巩羊桥罗家塘杷榔动物群的发现及其后生动物早期演化的意义

岑巩县羊桥乡罗家塘杷榔组仅出露中-上部地层,岩性单一,均为青灰、灰绿色粉砂质泥、页岩.在其上部层位发现了俞氏贵州始海百合(Guizhoueocrinus yui Zhao,Parsley et Peng,2007),计有棘皮动物始海百合、腕足动物、软体动物-软舌螺、节肢动物-三叶虫等8属9种,包括了2个未定名的新种和1...     

高寒山区退耕地不同植被恢复方式下群落稳定性

稳定的群落结构是退耕地生态系统恢复的主要标志之一.以祁连山东段旱泉沟流域退耕区为例,采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,研究了建植6 a的人工草地群落稳定性,结果表明:人工草地在短期内形成了不同于撂荒地的植被格局,草地群落盖度、高度和地上生物量特性明显优于撂荒地和天然草地,部分人工草地物种丰富度和多样性高于撂荒地,功能群结构仍以多年生禾草占优势,无芒雀麦+紫花苜蓿混播草地多样性指数低,处于高产和稳定阶段;各草地根系主要分布在0～10 cm土层,不同草地类型0～20 cm土壤含水量变化最大,4种人工草地对土壤水分的影响表现为提高30～50 cm土层的水分含量,在水分涵蓄方面优于撂荒地.但与天然草地相比未形成密丛型禾草,群落稳定性差,草地群落的演替方向具有不确定性.