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211.
Studies at the intersection of cognitive science and linguistics have revealed the crucial role that metaphors play in shaping our thoughts about phenomena we cannot see. According to the domains interaction theory of cognition, a metaphoric expression sets up mappings between a target domain that we wish to understand and a familiar source domain. The source domain contains elements ("commonplaces") that we manipulate mentally, like parts of an analogue model, to illuminate the target domain. This paper applies the structure of domains interaction theory to analyze the dynamics of a metaphor in hydrogeology: the so-called bubble formed by water injected into an aquifer during aquifer storage and recovery (ASR). Of the four commonplaces of bubbles--(1) they are discrete; (2) they are geometrically simple; (3) they rise; and (4) they burst--we focus on the first two using both displacement and dispersion (tracer) models for both homogeneous and heterogeneous storage zones patterned from geological studies of the Suwannee Limestone of Sarasota County, Florida. The displacement model easily shows that "bottle brush" better represents the geometric complexity predicted from the known and inferred heterogeneity. There is virtually no difference, however, in the prediction of recovery efficiency using the dispersion model for a bubble (homogeneous flow zone) vs. bottle brush (heterogeneous flow zone). On the other hand, only the bottle brush reveals that unrecovered tracer is located preferentially in the low-permeability layers that lie adjacent to high-permeability channels in the flow zones. 相似文献
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采用等效弹簧边界分析埋地管线在沉陷情况下的反应 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
场地的不均匀沉陷是导致埋地管线破坏重要原因之一.到目前为止,国内外对沉陷区埋地管线的反应分析甚少.为了真实地分析管线在沉陷情况下的反应,通过引入一个非线性弹簧,作为分析埋地管线在沉陷情况下反应的边界条件,以代替远处直线段管线的变形,将管线模拟成四节点薄壳单元,土介质简化为弹塑性弹簧,采用线性位移加载来模拟土体的沉陷作用,对有限元模型进行计算分析.通过实例计算,得出了管线的控制力,找出了管线的控制截面,为沉陷区埋地管线的设计提供一定的理论依据. 相似文献
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This paper discusses a method for overcoming the problem of weak sinks representing wells that result from spatial discretization effects when using MODPATH, the particle-tracking postprocessor for the ground water flow model MODFLOW. Weak sink cells are model cells that represent a well that does not discharge at a sufficiently large rate to capture all of the flow entering the cell; therefore, flowpaths within these cells cannot be uniquely defined because it is impossible to know whether a given water particle discharges to the well or passes through the cell. Creating a submodel of the well cell by using the nested rediscretization method can eliminate this ambiguity by converting the weak sink cell into a strong sink cell. The method is designed to be run manually for each well and for steady-state conditions. Other advantages, disadvantages, technical considerations, and limitations of the method are presented. Software created for the method consists of five Fortran programs that are operated using a set of instructions. A practical application of the method is presented by using an example wellhead-protection problem that demonstrates that nested rediscretization can provide more accurate particle-tracking results than those obtained by using a coarsely discretized model alone. 相似文献
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渭南塬前断裂是渭河盆地东南缘一条重要的近EW向的全新世活动断裂,与1556年华县8级特大地震的发生密切相关。该断裂的北分支——渭南塬前北侧分支断层通过渭南市区,查明该北侧分支断层的展布、浅部结构、晚第四纪活动性以及发震能力,对于当地的防震减灾工作具有重要意义。文中通过浅层地震和钻孔联合剖面探测,结合地面地质调查,对渭南塬前北侧分支断层的展布、结构特征以及晚第四纪活动性开展研究。4条测线的浅层地震勘探揭示渭南塬前北侧分支断层与渭南塬前断裂平行展布,两者呈阶梯状正断层结构关系。渭南塬前北侧分支断层错断多套第四纪地层,显示出生长型正断层特征;可识别的上断点埋深为95m以浅,晚更新统的垂直错距为16~20m;在剖面上表现为宽200~1 800m的次级断陷带,具有阶梯状正断层和小型地堑结构。钻孔联合地质剖面揭示渭南塬前北侧分支断层距今19ka以来仍有活动,晚更新世中期以来的平均垂直运动速率为0.07~0.26mm/a。结合地表的断层陡坎和断错地貌现象判定,渭南塬前北侧分支断层与渭南塬前主断层同样具有较强的晚更新世—全新世活动性,不能排除渭南塬前北侧分支断层曾经参与1556年华县8级大地震破裂的可... 相似文献