The atmosphere of Io from Pioneer 10 radio occultation measurements

The occultation of the Pioneer 10 spacecraft by Io (JI) provided an opportunity to obtain two S-band radio occultation measurements of its atmosphere. The dayside entry measurements revealed an ionosphere having a peak density of about 6 × 10⁴ elcm^?3 at an altitude of about 100 km. The topside scale height indicates a plasma temperature of about 406 K if it is composed of Na⁺ and 495 K if N₂⁺ is principal ion. A thinner and less dense ionosphere was observed on the exit (night side), having a peak density of 9 × 10³ elcm^?3 at an altitude of 50 km. The topside plasma temperature is 160 K for N₂^? and 131 K for Na⁺. If the ionosphere is produced by photoionization in a manner analogous to the ionospheres of the terrestrial planets, the density of neutral particles at the surface of Io is less than 10¹¹?10¹² cm³, corresponding to a surface pressure of less than 10^?8 to 10^?9 bars. Two measurements of its radius were also obtained yielding a value of 1830 km for the entry and 192 km for the exit. The discrepancy between these values may indicate an ephemeris uncertainty of about 45 km. The two measurements yield an average radius of 1875 km, which is not in agreement with the results of the Beta Scorpii stellar occultation.     

Geopotential harmonics of order 15 and odd degree from analysis of resonant orbits

We have analysed the variations of inclination in 13 satellite orbits as they pass slowly, under the action of air drag, through 15th-order resonance with the geopotential, when successive equatorial crossings are 24° apart and the ground track repeats after 15 rev. The size and form of the change in inclination are determined mainly by the values of the geopotential harmonics of 15th order and odd degree, $\text{C}\text{?}{}_{\mathrm{l,15}}$ and $\text{S}\text{?}{}_{\mathrm{l,15}}$ (with l = 15, 17, 19, …) in the usual notation. Our analysis gives values of these coefficients up to l = 33 as follows:

     

123.

Geological structure and indicators of hydrothermal ore-bearing activity at the junction of the southern rift segment and the Doldrums Transform Fracture Zone, Central Atlantic     

S. G. Skolotnev  A. A. Peive  V. Yu. Lavrushin  T. A. Demidova  S. S. Abramov  A. E. Eskin  D. I. Krinov  V. V. Petrova  N. V. Razdolina  N. N. Turko  N. V. Tsukanov  N. L. Chaplygina  E. V. Sharkov 《Doklady Earth Sciences》2006,407(2):361-365

     

124.

Structure and age of the metamorphic core complex of the Burgutui ridge (southwestern Transbaikal region)     

A. M. Mazukabzov  T. V. Donskaya  D. P. Gladkochub  E. V. Sklyarov  V. A. Ponomarchuk  E. B. Sal&#;nikova 《Doklady Earth Sciences》2006,407(2):179-183

     

125.

Tide model errors and GRACE gravimetry: towards a more realistic assessment   总被引：10，自引：1，他引：10  

R. D. Ray  S. B. Luthcke 《Geophysical Journal International》2006,167(3):1055-1059

     

126.

Soil degradation: a global problem endangering sustainable development   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

CHEN Jie  CHEN Jing-zhang  TAN Man-zhi  GONG Zi-tong 《地理学报(英文版)》2002,12(2):243-252

1 Introduction Soil is not only the major natural resource on which human being depends for the production of food, feed, fiber, renewable energy and raw materials, but also plays a key role in maintaining the complex terrestrial ecosystems and climate systems of this planet. Recent rapid increase in the human population is placing a great strain on the worlds soil resources. Only about 11% of the global land surface covered by the soils are being used to raise crops and livestock, in other …     

127.

A general model for estimating actual evaporation from non-saturated surfaces     

Qiu Xinfa Ph.D  Zeng Yan  Liu Changming 《地理学报(英文版)》2002,12(4):479-484

Based on energy balance equation and mass transfer equation, a general model to estimate actual evaporation from non-saturated surfaces was derived. Making use of two concepts, “relative evaporation” and “relative drying power”, a relationship was established to account for the departure from saturated conditions. Using this model, the actual evaporation (evapotranspiration) can be calculated without the need of potential evaporation estimation. Furthermore, the model requires only a few meteorological parameters that are readily and routinely obtainable at standard weather stations. Based on nearly 30 years data of 432 meteorological stations and 512 hydrological stations in China, in combined with GIS, nine typical river basins were selected. Using the data of the selected river basins, the model was tested. The results show that the actual evaporation rate can be estimated with an error of less than 10% in most areas of China, except few years in the Yellow River Basin.     

128.

Some Aspects of Resource Uncertainty and Their Economic Consequences in Assessment of the 1002 Area of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge     

Attanasi  Emil D.  Schuenemeyer  John H. 《Natural Resources Research》2002,11(2):109-120

Natural Resources Research - Exploration ventures in frontier areas have high risks. Before committing to them, firms prepare regional resource assessments to evaluate the potential payoffs. With...     

129.

Mapping brittle fracture zones in three dimensions: high resolution traveltime seismic tomography in a granitic pluton     

D. Martí  R. Carbonell  A. Tryggvason  J. Escuder  A. Pérez-Estaún 《Geophysical Journal International》2002,149(1):95-105

     

130.

Shear wave statics using receiver functions   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

D. van Manen  J. O. A. Robertsson  A. Curtis  R. Ferber  H. Paulssen 《Geophysical Journal International》2003,153(3):F1-F5

     

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l	109C?l,15	109S?l,15
15	?23.5 ± 0.8	?7.7 ± 0.8
17	6.3 ± 1.5	5.6 ± 1.5
19	?25.1 ± 2.5	?7.3 ± 2.3
21	27.8 ± 3.6	?0.7 ± 3.4
23	17.1 ± 4.1	13.9 ± 4.8
25	?1.1 ± 3.0	8.5 ± 4.2
27	10.0 ± 3.3	6.7 ± 2.7
29	?9.4 ± 3.5	0.1 ± 4.7
31	10.1 ± 5.4	3.8 ± 5.6
33	1.1 ± 5.7	3.1 ± 5.8

Soil degradation: a global problem endangering sustainable development

1 Introduction Soil is not only the major natural resource on which human being depends for the production of food, feed, fiber, renewable energy and raw materials, but also plays a key role in maintaining the complex terrestrial ecosystems and climate systems of this planet. Recent rapid increase in the human population is placing a great strain on the worlds soil resources. Only about 11% of the global land surface covered by the soils are being used to raise crops and livestock, in other …     

A general model for estimating actual evaporation from non-saturated surfaces

Based on energy balance equation and mass transfer equation, a general model to estimate actual evaporation from non-saturated surfaces was derived. Making use of two concepts, “relative evaporation” and “relative drying power”, a relationship was established to account for the departure from saturated conditions. Using this model, the actual evaporation (evapotranspiration) can be calculated without the need of potential evaporation estimation. Furthermore, the model requires only a few meteorological parameters that are readily and routinely obtainable at standard weather stations. Based on nearly 30 years data of 432 meteorological stations and 512 hydrological stations in China, in combined with GIS, nine typical river basins were selected. Using the data of the selected river basins, the model was tested. The results show that the actual evaporation rate can be estimated with an error of less than 10% in most areas of China, except few years in the Yellow River Basin.     

Some Aspects of Resource Uncertainty and Their Economic Consequences in Assessment of the 1002 Area of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge

Natural Resources Research - Exploration ventures in frontier areas have high risks. Before committing to them, firms prepare regional resource assessments to evaluate the potential payoffs. With...