全文获取类型
收费全文 | 80889篇 |
免费 | 1365篇 |
国内免费 | 586篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 2101篇 |
大气科学 | 5978篇 |
地球物理 | 15623篇 |
地质学 | 27594篇 |
海洋学 | 7169篇 |
天文学 | 18940篇 |
综合类 | 169篇 |
自然地理 | 5266篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 627篇 |
2020年 | 682篇 |
2019年 | 724篇 |
2018年 | 1610篇 |
2017年 | 1505篇 |
2016年 | 1941篇 |
2015年 | 1173篇 |
2014年 | 1945篇 |
2013年 | 4082篇 |
2012年 | 2017篇 |
2011年 | 2815篇 |
2010年 | 2602篇 |
2009年 | 3461篇 |
2008年 | 3020篇 |
2007年 | 3069篇 |
2006年 | 2871篇 |
2005年 | 2487篇 |
2004年 | 2468篇 |
2003年 | 2324篇 |
2002年 | 2273篇 |
2001年 | 2011篇 |
2000年 | 1869篇 |
1999年 | 1691篇 |
1998年 | 1644篇 |
1997年 | 1650篇 |
1996年 | 1363篇 |
1995年 | 1325篇 |
1994年 | 1258篇 |
1993年 | 1148篇 |
1992年 | 1100篇 |
1991年 | 1050篇 |
1990年 | 1128篇 |
1989年 | 1056篇 |
1988年 | 1014篇 |
1987年 | 1154篇 |
1986年 | 1002篇 |
1985年 | 1270篇 |
1984年 | 1423篇 |
1983年 | 1339篇 |
1982年 | 1261篇 |
1981年 | 1244篇 |
1980年 | 1091篇 |
1979年 | 1048篇 |
1978年 | 1026篇 |
1977年 | 968篇 |
1976年 | 889篇 |
1975年 | 795篇 |
1974年 | 879篇 |
1973年 | 899篇 |
1972年 | 538篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
31.
A. R. King 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1996,237(1-2):169-184
The discovery of X-ray binary systems in the 1960's opened up stellar evolution theory by revealing further endpoints in addition to white dwarfs. This review summarises recent progress in studies of stellar-evolutionary processes that lead to X-ray binaries themselves, the mass transfer rates that power them, and the accretion processes which convert this into electromagnetic radiation. Particular attention is paid to the topics of mass transfer fluctuations and of the accretion by magnetic compact stars. 相似文献
32.
The main properties of the first- and second-order moments of polarized hydrogen lines, forming in the presence of stationary electric and magnetic fields, are reviewed. The analytical results presented here apply directly to the case of optically-thin emission lines in the LTE regime. Some applications of such results to electric- and magnetic-field diagnostics in (solar) plasmas are then briefly considered.On leave from the Dipartimento di Astronomia e Scienza dello Spazio, Università di Firenze, Largo E. Fermi 5, I-50125 Firenze, Italy 相似文献
33.
34.
Parametric transduction offers valuable advantages for underwater acoustic communications. Perhaps the most significant benefit is the fact that high directivity is achieved by means of a physically small transmit transducer. This feature may, ultimately, be employed to permit long-range, low-frequency communication using a compact source. The high directivity is desirable to combat multipath propagation and to achieve data communications in water which is shallow by comparison with range. A real-time, high data-rate “model” differential phase shift keying (DPSK) communication system has been constructed and demonstrated. This system uses parametric transduction, with a 300-kHz primary frequency and a 50-kHz secondary frequency. Experimental results show that the system can be employed to combat multipath propagation in shallow water and can achieve high data-rate text and color image transmission at 10 and 20 kb s-1 for 2-DPSK and 4-DPSK, respectively, through a transmission bandwidth of 10 kHz. The “model” system was developed to confirm performance predictions for a future, operational long-range link employing a 50-kHz primary frequency and a 5-kHz secondary frequency 相似文献
35.
Non‐equilibrium concepts lead to a unified explanation of the formation of chondrules and chondrites
Milton BLANDER Arthur D. PELTON In‐Ho JUNG Richard WEBER 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2004,39(12):1897-1910
Abstract— Calculations of the formation of seven types of chondrules in Semarkona from a gas of solar composition were performed with the FACT computer program to predict the chemistries of oxides (including silicates), developed by the authors and their colleagues. The constrained equilibrium theory was used in the calculations with two nucleation constraints suggested by nucleation theory. The first constraint was the blocking of Fe and other metal gaseous atoms from condensing to form solids or liquids because of very high surface free energies and high surface tensions of the solid and liquid metals, respectively. The second constraint was the blocking of the condensation of solids and the formation of metastable liquid oxides (including silicates) well below their liquidus temperatures. Our laboratory experiments suggested subcooling of type IIA chondrule compositions of 400 degrees or more below the liquidus temperature. The blocking of iron leads to a supersaturation of Fe atoms, so that the partial pressure of Fe (pFe) is larger than the partial pressure at equilibrium (pFe(eq)). The supersaturation ratio S = pFe/pFe(eq) becomes larger than 1 and increases rapidly with a decrease in temperature. This drives the reaction Fe + H2O ? H2 + FeO to the right. With S = 100, the activity of FeO in the liquid droplet is 100 times as large as the value at equilibrium. The FeO activities are a function of temperature and provide relative average temperatures of the crystallization of chondrules. Our calculations for the LL3.0 chondrite Semarkona and our study of some non‐equilibrium effects lead to accurate representations of the compositions of chondrules of types IA, IAB, IB, IIA, IIAB, IIB, and CC. Our concepts readily explain both the variety of FeO concentrations in the different chondrule types and the entire process of chondrule formation. Our theory is unified and could possibly explain the formation of chondrules in all chondritic meteorites as well as provide a simple explanation for the complex chemistries of chondrites, and especially for type 3 chondrites. 相似文献
36.
In astronomical photometry, the sensitivity of observations is limited by the dark counts of the photomultiplier tube. In the present work, the effect of dark count noise in photon counting systems is investigated by theory and experimental measurements. Dark counts are considered to be originating from two sources, namely: dc fluctuations and random pulses.Experimental measurements were carried out to determine noise effects in different operating regions of noise dominance. The results provide strong evidence that: in normal operating mode, where the effect of random pulses is dominant, dark counts do not follow Poisson statistics. The observed noise shows strong (1/f) power spectrum, where the observed noise power is found to increase with time of observation.The results are important in photon counting systems operating under dark count limited mode. The conclusions drawn can be useful in obtaining more accurate error estimates and in assessing astronomical photometric observations and data reduction techniques. 相似文献
37.
38.
The 362.156 GHz absorption spectrum of H2O2 in the Mars atmosphere was observed on September 4 of 2003, employing the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) sub-millimeter facility on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. Radiative transfer analysis of this line absorption yields an average volume mixing ratio of 18±0.4 ppbv within the lower (0-30 km) Mars atmosphere, in general accordance with standard photochemical models (e.g., Nair et al., 1994, Icarus 111, 124-150). Our derived H2O2 abundance is roughly three times greater than the upper limit retrieved by Encrenaz et al. (2002, Astron. Astrophys. 396, 1037-1044) from infrared spectroscopy, although part of this discrepancy may result from the different solar longitudes (Ls) of observation. Aphelion-to-perihelion thermal forcing of the global Mars hygropause generates substantial (>200%) increases in HOx abundances above ∼10 km altitudes between the Ls=112° period of the Encrenaz et al. upper limit measurement and the current Ls=250° period of detection (Clancy and Nair, 1996, J. Geophys. Res. 101, 12785-12590). The observed H2O2 line absorption weakens arguments for non-standard homogeneous (Encrenaz et al., 2002, Astron. Astrophys. 396, 1037-1044) or heterogeneous (Krasnopolsky, 2003a, J. Geophys. Res. 108; 2003b, Icarus 165, 315-325) chemistry, which have been advocated partly on the basis of infrared (8 μm) non-detections for Mars H2O2. Observation of Mars H2O2 also represents the first measurement of a key catalytic specie in a planetary atmosphere other than our own. 相似文献
39.
Cygnus A was the first hyper-active galaxy discovered, and it
remains by far the closest of the ultra-luminous radio galaxies. As
such, Cygnus A has played a fundamental role in the study of virtually
all aspects of extreme activity in galaxies. We present a review of jet
theory for powering the double-lobed radio emitting structures in
powerful radio galaxies, followed by a review of observations of Cygnus
A in the radio, optical, and X-ray relevant to testing various aspects
of jet theory. Issues addressed include: jet structure from pc- to
kpc-scales, jet stability, confinement, composition, and velocity, the
double shock structure for the jet terminus and the origin of multiple
radio hotspots, the nature of the filamentary structure in the radio
lobes, and the hydrodynamic evolution of the radio lobes within a dense
cluster atmosphere, including an analysis of pressure balance between
the various gaseous components. Also discussed are relativistic
particle acceleration and loss mechanisms in Cygnus A, as well as
magnetic field strengths and geometries both within the radio source,
and in the intracluster medium. We subsequently review the
classification, cluster membership, and the emission components of the
Cygnus A galaxy. The origin of the activity is discussed.
Concentrating on the nuclear regions of the galaxy, we review the
evidence for an obscured QSO, also given the constraints on the
orientation of the radio source axis with respect to the sky plane. We
present an overview of models of central engines in AGN and observations
of Cygnus A which may be relevant to testing such models. We conclude
with a brief section concerning the question of whether Cygnus A is
representative of powerful high redshift radio galaxies.
Received October 10, 1995 相似文献
40.