岩石层—大气层—电离层耦合作为震前大气层和电离层短临事件的影响机制

介绍了大气层和电离层震前现象机制的基本观念。简短回顾了观测结果后,我们得出结论：1．流体下层物质（气泡）向上迁移能导致近地表的热水／气体被逐出,并在强度弱化的地区引发地震;2．因此,气泡出现的时间和地点是随机的,但是地震、地球化学异常和前震（地震、SA和超低频电磁异常）是随机关联的;3．大气温度和密度扰动跟随着震前热水／气体释放,导致产生周期为6～60min的大气重力波（AGW）;4．地震引发的大气重力波能导致电离层扰动变化并导致大气层中地平线上无线电波传播、下部电离层低频波扰动和地面超低频辐射衰减的变化。     

盐湖大开发 准备好了吗？——加强中外交流推进盐湖研究

经过长达半个多世纪的调研、摸索、技术储备和攻关,伴随经济持续发展和西部大开发战略的有力实施,盐湖,这个蕴藏着丰富资源和巨大价值的聚宝盆,正在迅速揭开神秘面纱,彻底展露她的无穷魅力,从以往的“小打小闹”进入到大规模开发的新阶段……     

利用气孔大小分布和玻璃地球化学研究约束墨西哥波波卡特佩特火山脱气过程

波波卡特佩特火山爆炸式喷发活动是对周围人口稠密地区的一个严重威胁,因此在短时间内认识喷发类型（从爆炸式到熔岩盾形成）指标的变化是非常重要的。本次研究,我们给出来自波波卡特佩特火山5次主要普林尼武喷发（大约23～1．2ka）、2001年部分熔岩盾坍塌时的小喷发和1997年4次喷发（5月11日、6月14日、15日和30日）产生的原生碎屑中气孔大小分布（VSD）和基质玻璃成分分析的结果。对基质玻璃主元素的分析（WDS—EPMA）可以估计出喷发的岩浆进入不平衡（晶体和岩浆之间）的深度,通过利用Blundy和Cashman（2001）的石英一钠长石一正长石三元系计算平衡压力来获得。利用CSD软件通过气孔大小分布分析定量解释原生碎屑（浮岩或火山渣）结构来建立岩浆上升时的物理变化和喷发条件之间的关系。原生碎屑内气泡化的程度和类型也与喷发的类型和持续时间有关,特别是可用来识别气孔结构的变化,这种变化代表了从爆炸式到熔岩盾喷发的转变（Manganand Sisson,2000;Adamsetal,2006）。本次研究给出了波波卡特佩特火山比早期认为的更为复杂的岩浆存储历史,这对该火山目前的研究是一个重要的贡献。     

DRAINAGE NETWORKS AFTER WILDFIRE

Predicting runoff and erosion from watersheds burned by wildfires requires an understanding of the three-dimensional structure of both hillslope and channel drainage networks. We investigate the small- and large-scale structures of drainage networks using field studies and computer analysis of 30- m digital elevation model. Topologic variables were derived from a composite 30-m DEM, which included 14 order 6 watersheds within the Pikes Peak batholith. Both topologic and hydraulic variables were measured in the field in two smaller burned watersheds （3.7 and 7.0 hectares） located within one of the order 6 watersheds burned by the 1996 Buffalo Creek Fire in Central Colorado. Horton ratios of topologic variables （stream number, drainage area, stream length, and stream slope） for small-scale and large-scale watersheds are shown to scale geometrically with stream order （i.e., to be scale invariant）. However, the ratios derived for the large-scale drainage networks could not be used to predict the rill and gully drainage network structure. Hydraulic variables （width, depth, cross- sectional area, and bed roughness） for small-scale drainage networks were found to be scale invariant across 3 to 4 stream orders. The relation between hydraulic radius and cross-sectional area is similar for fills and gullies, suggesting that their geometry can be treated similarly in hydraulic modeling. Additionally, the rills and gullies have relatively small width-to-depth ratios, implying sidewall friction may be important to the erosion and evolutionary process relative to main stem channels.     

三维GIS渲染引擎的关键技术

随着计算机图形技术的不断发展和人们对视觉要求的不断提高,三维GIS场景的复杂度也在增大。本文在分析三维GIS场景特点的基础上,提出了三维GIS渲染引擎的概念,并分析了渲染引擎在降低三维GIS开发复杂度和提高软件可重用性中的作用。重点探讨了3DGIS中,针对大数据量复杂实时场景进行快速、高效渲染的关键技术,如场景图、层次细节、视锥体剔除、遮挡面剔除、渲染通道等,并对技术原理进行了详细的分析,最后,通过具体的实验验证了这些技术的可用性和有效性。     

CONTROL OF GULLY EROSION USING STIFF GRASSES

Concentrated flow can cause gully formation on sloping lands and in riparian zones. Current practice for riparian gully erosion control involves blocking the gully with a structure comprised of an earthen embankment and a metal or plastic pipe. Measures involving native vegetation would be more attractive for habitat recovery and economic reasons. To test the hypothesis that switchgrass （Panicum virgatum L.） hedges planted at 0.5-m vertical intervals within a gully would control erosion, a series of hedges was established in four concentrated flow channels. Two of the channels were previously eroded trapezoidal channels cut into compacted fill in an outdoor laboratory. The other two channels were natural gullies located at the edge of floodplain fields adjacent to an incised stream. While vegetation was dormant, artificial runoff events were created in the two laboratory gullies and one of the natural gullies using synthetic trapezoidal-shaped hydrographs with peak discharge rates of approximately 0.03, 0.07, and 0.16 m3/s. During these tests flow depth, velocity, turbidity, and soil pore water pressures were monitored. The fourth gully was subjected to a series of natural runoff events over a five-month period with peaks up to 0.09 m3/s. Flow depths in all tests were generally 〈 0.3 m, and flow velocities varied spatially and exceeded 2.0 m/s at the steepest points of the gullies. Erosion rates were negligible for controlled flow experiments, but natural flows in the fourth gully resulted in 1 m ofthalweg degradation, destroying the central portions of the grass hedges, most likely due to the highly erodible nature of the soils at this site. Geotechnical modeling of soil steps reinforced with switchgrass roots showed factors of safety 〉 1 for step heights 〈 0.5 m, but instability was indicated for step heights 〉1 m, consistent with the experimental observations.     

电磁和电离层监测的短期地震预报系统

最近科学界确定和公认这样一个事实：在大地震（火山喷发）之前的几天或几小时,在强震和火山活动区的地壳和对流层中存在电磁耦合过程,在电离层内存在异常变化。解释这一现象的一批物理模型出现了。其中最可能的模型基于大气边界层地壳发射物（氡、惰性气体和金属气溶胶）的化学反应。这些发射物改变了边界层的电导率,从而改变了活动区域内的大气电场值。根据实验测量,在大地震前几天或几小时,地表的地震感应的垂直电场强度可达到1至几个kV／m,而在无干扰情况下该值为100v／m。异常电场渗透到电离层引起了不同种类的变化（离子成分、电子密度、标高、电子温度等的变化）,这些变化用实验方法可以从地面及人造卫星上测量到。这样的变化被称作地震的电离层前兆。电离层前兆的优点在于电离层把活动区域作为一个整体,而不只是事件在地面上发生的一个点进行测量。这就避免了导致地面测量的物理和地球化学前兆中出现错误的前兆镶嵌式特征。第二个优点是与其他前兆比较电离层前兆的出现有稳定的时间尺度,这使它在短临地震预报中更具实用价值。因为对所有IASPEI需求的响应,我们现有的知识水平使得电离层前兆的短期地震预报成为可能。逼近震中的位置可以从电离层前兆沿磁力线到地面的投影估计出来。要预报的地震震级可以由电离层中被改变区域的大小估计出来。发震时间可以从电离层前兆出现的时间估计出来。考虑到提议的短临预报系统是第一次创建,地震参数测定的精确度将在系统测试阶段加以确定。作为第一步,这些参数可在理论上估计出来。项目任务阐明如下：（1）在墨西哥Guerrem州创建连续的电磁和电离层监测系统包括基于地面的电离层测高仪,IGEF UNAM和INEGI的GPS接收仪网络,电场探测器网络,监测P．H脉冲的高频（HF）接收仪,甚低频（VLF）接收仪,高频（HF）多普勒装置,氧元素的557．7nm和630nm谱线的光学测量法,磁力仪网络。（2）测试系统的质量,用实验的方法确定虚报和错报的概率及地震参数测定的精确度。（3）如果结果没有问题,就在墨西哥Guerrero州和墨西哥的所有地震活动区应用该系统。（4）把该体系推荐给其他遭受地震灾害的国家,使其在他们的地域内应用。部分已创建的体系和所使用的技术受专利保护。     

同一测点不同地震动分量空间相干性分析

利用SMART-1台阵的3次地震记录计算了同一测点三平动地震动分量问的相干值,并提出了相干函数模型。分析表明,同一测点各地震动分量间是低相干的,随频率衰减不明显;两水平分量问的相干性比水平分量与垂直分量间的相干性大。因此在工程计算中不计相干函数随频率的变化不会带来太大的误差。     

塔里木盆地下古生界碳酸盐岩热液岩溶的特征及地质模型

随着塔中地区下古生界碳酸盐岩油气勘探地持续深入,分别在野外露头,塔中地区相关探井奥陶系储层中发现有萤石、闪锌矿、天青石、重晶石、硬石膏、焦沥青及热液石英等一系列热液矿物及其组合,越来越多的地质资料表明热液岩溶储层可能是塔里木盆地下古生界碳酸盐岩油气勘探中被忽视的一个重要储层类型。〖JP2〗通过总结近6年大量的针对野外露头热液岩溶现象地实地观察测量,以及通过对塔中82井区—24井区奥陶系储层发育段大量的岩石薄片观察、矿物能谱测定、地层水锶同位素测试,断裂性质的分析,深入研究热液溶蚀流体的活动特点以及对形成优质储层的控制作用,最终建立了热液岩溶储层的地质模型。研究表明,热液矿物主要沿断裂伴生的构造溶蚀缝和溶蚀孔洞发育,断裂是热液运移的主要通道,是形成优质储层的重要控制因素。塔中地区沿海西期走滑断裂附近的奥陶系灰岩将广泛发育热液溶蚀改造形成的储层,为塔中西部上奥陶统沿走滑断裂向内带拓展油气勘探打下了基础。     

Glass and Mineral Chemistry of Northern Central Indian Ridge Basalts:Compositional Diversity and Petrogenetic Significance

Abstract: The glass and mineral chemistry of basalts examined from the northern central Indian ridge (NCIR) provides an insight into magma genesis around the vicinity of two transform faults: Vityaz (VT) and Vema (VM). The studied mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs) from the outer ridge flank (VT area) and a near-ridge seamount (VM area) reveal that they are moderately phyric plagioclase basalts composed of plagioclase (phenocryst [An60–90] and groundmass [An35–79]), olivine (Fo81–88), diopside (Wo45–51, En25–37, Fs14–24), and titanomagnetite (FeOt ~63.75 wt% and TiO2 ~22.69 wt%). The whole-rock composition of these basalts has similar Mg# [mole Mg/mole(Mg+Fe2+)] (VT basalt: ~0.56–0.58; VM basalt: ~0.57), but differ in their total alkali content (VT basalt: ~2.65; VM basalt: ~3.24). The bulk composition of the magma was gradually depleted in MgO and enriched in FeOt, TiO2, P2O5, and Na2O with progressive fractionation, the basalts were gradually enriched in Y and Zr and depleted in Ni and Cr. In addition, the SREE of magma also increased with fractionation, without any change in the (La/Yb)N value. Glass from the VM seamount shows more fractionated characters (Mg#: 0.56–0.57) compared to the outer ridge flank lava of the VT area (Mg#: 0.63–0.65). This study concludes that present basalts experienced low-pressure crystallization at a relatively shallow depth. The geochemical changes in the NCIR magmas resulted from fractional crystallization at a shallow depth. As a consequence, spinel was the first mineral to crystallize at a pressure >10 kbar, followed by Fe-rich olivine at <10 kbar pressure.