Backward automatic calibration for three-dimensional landslide models

Back-analysis is broadly used for approaching geotechnical problems when monitoring data are available and information about the soils properties is of poor quality.For landslide stability assessment back-analysis calibration is usually carried out by time consuming trial-and-error procedure.This paper presents a new automatic Decision Support System that supports the selection of the soil parameters for three-dimensional models of landslides based on monitoring data.The method considering a pool of possible solutions,generated through permutation of soil parameters,selects the best ten configurations that are more congruent with the measured displacements.This reduces the operator biases while on the other hand allows the operator to control each step of the computation.The final selection of the preferred solution among the ten best-fitting solutions is carried out by an operator.The operator control is necessary as he may include in the final decision process all the qualitative elements that cannot be included in a qualitative analysis but nevertheless characterize a landslide dynamic as a whole epistemological subject,for example on the base of geomorphological evidence.A landslide located in Northeast Italy has been selected as example for showing the system potentiality.The proposed method is straightforward,scalable and robust and could be useful for researchers and practitioners.     

Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Late Ediacaran Rare-metalAlbite Granites of the Arabian-Nubian Shield

The Abu Dabbab albite granite(ADAG), in the central Eastern Desert of Egypt, hosts the most significant rare metal ore deposit in the northern part of the Neoproterozoic Arabian-Nubian Shield. Here, we report detailed field,petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical investigation of the ADAG, an isolated stock-like granitic body with sharp intrusive contacts against metamorphic country rocks, probably emplaced at about 600 Ma. The fine-grained porphyritic upper unit is a preserved remnant of the shallowly-emplaced apex of the magma chamber, whereas the medium-grained lower unit crystallized at deeper levels under subvolcanic conditions. The peraluminous leucocratic ADAG shares common geochemical characteristics with post-collisional intraplate A-type magmas. In addition to the conspicuous enrichment in Na2 O, the ADAG is remarkable for its anomalous concentrations of Ta, Nb, Li, Hf, Ga, Sn, Zn and heavy rare-earth elements. Nb-Ta minerals in the ADAG are mixed with Fe-Mn oxides, forming black patches that increase in abundance toward of the base of the intrusion. Columbite-tantalite, cassiterite and wolframite are the most important ore minerals.Pronounced negative Eu anomalies(Eu/Eu* = 0.10–0.24) reflect extreme magmatic fractionation and perhaps the effects of late fluid-rock interaction. The ADAG was most likely generated by partial melting of the juvenile middle crust of the ANS as the geotherm was elevated by erosional uplift following lithospheric delamination and it was emplaced at the intersection of lineations of structural weakness. Although formation of the ADAG and its primary enrichment in rare metals are essentially due to magmatic processes, late-stage metasomatism caused limited redistribution of rare metals. Fluid-driven subsolidus modification was limited to the apex of the magma chamber and drove development of greisen, amazonite, and quartz veins along fracture systems.     

电法驱除地下水中污染物的室内研究——可望成为一项野外实用技术

一种在含水层中布设电报,以驱除其中溶解污染物的方法,在室内进行了实验。实验中,用了充以纯石英粉砂的园柱体,其中浸透了含有 CuSO_4和污染铜的合成地下水。实验中,还采用了快速冷冻法,以了解离子在柱体中的分布状况,并将其作为时间和空间的函数来处理。在电压升到2.5伏,电流达几十微安时,5天内,50%的溶解铜从柱体空隙的液体中流走。电流效率值在80—5%之间,具体由电解时间、PH 值、铜的浓度、及其它离子含量而定。电迁移的效率及其经济性,需进一步的室内外实验才可定论。但从理论上讲,该法可用于清除任何带电离子,甚至包括一些有机物。该电化学技术,曾被苏联用于探矿,并取得成功。其方法是,把电极装在盛满酸液的陶瓷园筒中,施以500伏的直流电,使电极电流达600毫安,从而驱使岩上中的金属离子向相反电极运移,然后在瓷筒中收集之。该技术对饱合和非饱和区均适用,据悉曾成功地用于探测 Cu、Ni、Co、Au 等。     

Correlation of the Meishucunian Stage in South Asia

The determination of boundary points and their correlation are prerequisites for defining the PrecambrianCambrian boundary and the intercontinental correlation. A large number of good Precambrian-Cambrian boundary sections in South Asia not only possess the conditions for selection of a boundary stratotype, but also provide the basis for the long-distance correlation of those boundary sections.Through a detailed study of the latest data obtained from the typical sections in South China, the Lesser Himalaya Mountains and the Alborz Mountains. the locations of boundary points have been defined, and a correlation scheme is proposed, which contributes to the solution of the problem of worldwide correlation of boundary sections.     

环太平洋带构造地层地体

引言近年来,北美克迪勒拉是通过分离的构造地层地体增生而形成的这一认识已经得到可资利用的新的地质、地球物理和古生物资料的支持(Jones等,1981;Jonts等,1983;Coney等,1980;Davis等,1978;Balke等,1983)。同样的增生过程似乎也影响了环太平洋边缘的大部分地区。为了探讨这一假说,我们已经编制了初步的环太平洋地体图。本文的目的是回顾Coney等(1980)和Jones等(1983)所提出的地体分析