利用卡洪山口科学研究钻孔中应力引起的钻孔崩落估计最大水平主应力值

本文我们利用钻孔岩样的力学性质,详细观察应力引起的钻孔崩落和由水压致裂实验估计的最小水平主应力值S_(kmin),构成了卡洪山口(Cajon Pass)钻孔直至3.5km深的最大水平主应力。S_(Hmax)的垂直剖面。正如基本上与所有其它的钻孔一样,卡洪山口钻孔的水压致裂应力测量得到的,最小水平主应力S_(hmin)数据比最大水平主应力S_(Hmax)的数据多得多(并且更加可靠)。为利用观察的井壁崩落约束S_(Hmax)的值,使用了由有效应变能准则得出的脆性破裂准则。这个破裂准则也允许我们考虑钻孔周围的三向应力,并考虑孔隙流体压力以不同方式对岩石强度的影响。比较从崩落估计出的S_(Hmax)剖面和从水压致裂实验得出的S_(Hmax)的估计值表明:当孔隙压力对水压致裂破裂起始的影响可以忽略时,它们相当符合。在这个钻孔中,直至3.5km深的总体应力状态相当于倾滑兼走滑断层型应力状态。最大水平主应力剖面有几个应力值显著减小的地方,它们与主要的断层带有关,这个结果和由水压致裂得出的最小水平主应力S_(kmin)剖面一致。     

Hurricane forecasts in the FSU models

A brief account of our studies on the hurricane forecast problem is presented here. This covers recent prediction results from the Florida State University (FSU) regional and global numerical weather prediction models. The re-gions covered are the Indian and the Pacific Oceans. The life cycle of the onset vortex (a hurricane) of the summer monsoon, typhoons over the western Pacific Ocean and tropical cyclones over the Bay of Bengal (Andhra Pradesh and the Bangladesh storms) are covered here. The essential elements in the storm formaton are the strong horizontal shear in the cyclogenetic areas, a lack of vertical shear and warn sea surface temperatures. The storm motion has a steering component largely described by the advection of vorticity by a vertically averaged layer mean wind, the recurvature of a storm appears to invoke physical processes via the advection of divergence by the divergent part of the wind especially in the outflow layers of the storm. Very high resolution global models seem to be able to handle the motion and structure during the entire life of typhoons quite reasonably. The scope for better diagnosis of the storms life cycle appears very promising in view of the realistic simulation of the life cycle.     

西南英格兰Red—A—Ven含锡矽卡岩的流体包裹体和地球化学研究

Red-A-Yen矽卡岩型锡矿化可分为早期矽卡岩化和晚期矽卡岩—化物矿化两个主要阶段,Sn的富集主要发生在后一阶段(马来亚石为主),早期流体包裹体均一温度600℃以上,推算压力大于85MPa,盐度10～21Wt％NaCl相当量,晚期包裹体均一温度350～450℃(沸腾),盐度高达30～50wt％NaCl相当量,计算压力值为18.5.MPa.石榴石的非均质性似乎与其挥发分含量高有关,可能是晚期热液迭加的结果,在晚期热液阶段,花岗岩中REE受到强烈淋滤,而REE的迁移、富集与含B、s的热液有关,Sn-W与Cu、Zn之间无明显相关性,可能是受不同因素控制而富集的结果。     

IMPLICIT NONLINEAR NORMAL MODE INITIALIZATION: A MULTIGRID APPROACH

The implicit nonlinear normal mode initialization (INMI) is applied to a tropical limited area shallow water model in spherical coordinates.The boundary condition for the INMI scheme is based on the boundary formulation of the model.The INMI scheme is found to be very efficient in suppressing spurious gravity wave oscillation and providing a well balanced initial data set for the model.The INMI scheme involves solving a number of elliptic type equations with varying complexity.and hence an efficient numerical technique is required for solving such equations.In order to make INMI computationally more attractive,we are employing the multigrid method for solving all the elliptic type equations in the INMI scheme.The numerical procedures for the development of such multigrid solvers are briefly described.     

氢在橄榄石中的溶解度

氢能够显著地影响岩石的物理性质,如岩石的流变等.它能赋存于通常不含水的矿物中,如上地幔的橄榄石.为了解上地幔的物理性质和地球化学过程,测量氢在橄榄石中的溶解度是非常重要的.在     

土壤湿度和土表温度的耦合预报模式

引言太阳辐射、动量、质量及显热、潜热间的转化过程,取决于边界层大气状态及所处下垫面的特征。     

拉达克（Ladakh）高喜马拉雅结晶岩同会聚的扩张

拉达克(Ladakh)喜马拉雅NW,Suru峡谷,高喜马拉雅结晶岩区域组构是主要变形事件的产物:(1)被限制在主中央逆冲断层(MCT)之上的印度地壳内;(2)时间上晚于MCT之上单元的堆积;(3)结束于MCT仍继续逆冲运动时;(4)发育于伴有增厚作用的高峰条件下;(5)导致不对称的片麻岩穹隆的形成;(6)伴有ENE—WSW到EW向的区域性拉伸。我们认为拉伸是沿主拆离带在上覆盖层内伴随热基底上升由热基底的扩张提供的。过程的起始似乎与高喜马拉雅结晶岩强烈的热软化密切有关,大致与喜马拉雅淡色花岗岩形成同时,大约25 Ma。区域构造样式表明,MCT带可作为中新世印度地壳下部的增厚和上部的减薄间的拆离带。拉伸方向与喜马拉雅整体运动学一致,包括沿西山脉束NW—SE右旋扭动和西藏的向东挤出。我们认为片麻岩山脊的剥露,体现了所有沿喜马拉雅造山带MCT带之上印度单元的特征,反映了由扩张能力有利于同会聚拉伸的热异常层演化而来的地壳大规模的不稳定性。     

前寒武纪大气演化的主要方向

地球历史最初的500Ma的大气组成还不清楚,其原因是由人们对火流星的降落率和火山气体的氧化状态都没有很好地了解。很可能那个时期大气圈物质比较少,而且生物出现前,大气圈中聚集的CH_4和NH_3足够有机化合物的合成。最早的生物有机体肯定吸收H_2和H_2S,并还原CO_2合成有机化合物。绿色植物的光合作用消耗H_2产生O_2,而O_2是大气圈中重要的组分。早到3.8Ga,晚到2.3Ga左右,大气圈由弱还原的状态转变为弱