Physical Properties, Morphology and Petrological Characteristics of Pumices from the Central Indian Ocean Basin

About 400 pumice clasts collected from the Central Indian Ocean Basin (CIOB) were studied for their morphology and were classified based on their shape and size. A majority of the samples range between <1 cm and 36 cm and in the Zinggs shape diagram plot in the equant and oblate fields. The Corey Shape Factor for most of the samples is close to 0.7, which is common for volcaniclastic material. The physical properties such as density, specific gravity, void ratio, porosity, moisture content and degree of saturation, were determined for 30 pumice samples. Density varies from 0.21 to 0.74 g/cm3 specific gravity 1.84 to 3.27, void ratio 2.21 to 10.67, porosity 67% to 91%, moisture content during sinking 0.44 to 2.35 and degree of saturation varies from 26.5% to 86%. Binocular and electron microscopy studies reveal that 60% of the vesicles are elongated, 30% are spherical and 10% are fibrous. Petrography of the pumices exhibits vitrophyric texture with phenocrysts of feldspars and clinopyroxenes. X-ray diffractrogram and mineral analyses confirm plagioclase to be a major phase, while quartz and orthoclase are not uncommon. Todorokite is commonly present in the ferromanganese oxide coating present over some of the pumices. This paper also delves into some details concerning the controversial origin of the pumices and glass shards in the CIOB.     

钾质火成岩,橄榄粗玄岩与金矿的直接与间接的联系

世界上许多低温到中温热液和斑岩型Ａｕ±Ｃｕ产出与钾质火成岩和橄榄粗玄岩相关或产于其中。容矿岩体多以高卤族元素如Ｃｌ和Ｆ、大离子亲石元素和贫高场强元素为特征。与钾质火成岩套有关的成矿作用往往限于三类构造环境：晚期大洋岛弧、大陆弧和后碰撞弧。晚期大洋岛弧的实例有巴布亚新几内亚Ｌｉｌｉｒ岛中更新世的Ｌａｄｏｌａｍ金矿床，斐济ＶｉｔｉＬｅｖｕ上新世的Ｅｍｐｅｒｏｒ金矿和澳大利亚新南威尔士奥陶纪Ｇｏｏｎｕｍｂｌａ斑岩铜金矿床。大陆弧的实例包括中生代一新生代智利安第斯山脉的许多低温金和斑岩型Ｃｕ－Ａｕ矿床。后碰撞弧的一个实例是中新世巴布亚新几内亚的Ｐｏｒｇｅｒａ金矿床。对于这些晚期大洋岛弧、大陆弧和后碰撞弧中与金一铜矿床有关的钾质火成岩，其云母斑晶中ＣＬ的含量与同构造环境非高钾岩石相比特别高。大洋岛弧中矿化钾质火成岩的云母斑晶中似乎以十分高的ＣＬ和Ｆ为特征。     

滑坡编目:地震滑坡危险性分析中必不可少的部分

详细精确的滑坡编目是地震滑坡危险性分析工作中必不可少的一部分。理想的编目要满足如下条件:覆盖整个地震影响区;应包含所有可调查到的滑坡,滑坡的最小长度应小至1～5m左右;编目中的滑坡位置也必须准确,应使用能够反应它们真实的平面形状的区要素来表征。符合上述要求的滑坡编目可以用来进行地震滑坡危险性分析和其他的定量分析研究。详细的地震滑坡编目可以追溯到1960年代初的航空摄影技术的出现与应用。近年来,随着空间技术科学的进步,高分辨率卫星影像获取成为可能,从而使得除最小的滑坡之外可以识别并绘出所有由地震事件触发的滑坡。得益于遥感技术的这种可以观测到地球任何地方的能力,我们可以获取到任何大量地震滑坡发生区域的遥感影像。然而,随着高分辨率遥感影像时代的到来,地震滑坡编目数据不完整也成为当前研究中的一个普遍存在的问题。     

墨西哥城地震预警系统的启示

2017年墨西哥普埃布拉发生7.1级破坏性地震,这次地震为评估公众如何感知和使用墨西哥城的地震预警系统提供了一次良好的检验机会。     

Carry-over effects of the membrane interface probe

The membrane interface probe (MIP) is widely used to characterize the subsurface distribution of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). One problem that arises during MIP application is that disproportionately high MIP signals are obtained after passing source zones which contain mobile or residual phases. This serious problem occurs because of a carry-over effect, in particular caused by compound-specific retention times in the conventional unheated transfer line, commonly used during such an investigation. The objective of this study was to perform a qualitative methodical field evaluation of the carry-over effect of a conventional MIP system with a conventional unheated transfer line. This was achieved by coupling a mobile mass spectrometer to the MIP device. Results obtained were then further compared with those achieved using a laser induced fluorescence (LIF) system. Because of this coupling, time- and depth-dependent signals for different substances became known. Field evaluation data obtained showed complex superpositions of compounds with MIP system results. As a result of this superposition, MIP signals from the saturated zone beneath the source zone (zone with free and/or residual phase) are blurred and are therefore not representative of particular depths. However, utilizing multidirectional probing alongside conventional MIP probing (forwards and backwards), it was possible to detect the upper and lower phase boundary of the source zone. These MIP results correlated excellently with the LIF results. An important conclusion that can be drawn from the field investigation is that coupling a mobile mass spectrometer to the MIP system enables advanced MIP signal interpretation to be successfully achieved.     

Chemical composition and acute toxicity in the water after in situ burning--a laboratory experiment

The chemical composition and toxicity of a water soluble fraction (WSF) of oil versus the underlying water after in situ burning (ISB), has been studied in a laboratory experiment. A system for allowing water sampling after ISB was developed. Seawater samples and oil were collected prior to and immediately after ISB, and chemical analysis was conducted. The chemical characterization of the water showed that the disappearance of water soluble oil components during ISB was insignificant. Acute toxicity tests with the marine copepod Calanus finmarchicus and Microtox® bioassay was performed to establish LC₅₀/EC₅₀ values of the water. The results were compared with regular WAF systems with unburned weathered oil, and indicated no increase in toxicity in the underlying water after ISB.