Use of Surface Observations to Estimate Upper Air Humidity for the Objective Analysis of Relative Humidity over Indian Region

In the present study objective analyses of relative humidity (RH) at surface and at the levels of 850, 700 and 500 hPa have been made using Gandin's (1963) optimum interpolation scheme. As the horizontal resolution of the radiosonde stations is rather inadequate for upper air humidity analysis, a scheme has been developed, following Rasmussen (1982) to estimate the upper air RH from the surface observations like surface RH, present weather and cloud cover. The relative humidities at the levels 850, 700 and 500 hPa were related to the surface observations through three separate regression relations. The RH values at 850, 700 and 500 hPa levels were estimated from the surface RH, cloud coverage and present weather using the above regression relations and subsequently the objective analyses at 00 GMT for the period from 4 July to 8 July 1979, were made using these estimated data along with the observed radiosonde data. Objective analyses were also made for the same period using only the radiosonde data for     

Trend and Interannual Variability of Chinese Air Pollution since 2000 in Association with Socioeconomic Development: A brief Overview

air pollution, trend and variability, socioeconomic development, satellite measurements, bottom-up emission inventories, top-down constraints     

墨西哥与主流纹岩及有关岩石相伴的矿化作用

在流纹质熔岩的气孔和裂隙中出现黄玉，表明母岩浆中F及亲F元素（Sn、W、Mo、Be、Li、Ta、Nb等）的含量很高，因此可能伴生有这些元素的火山成因或次火山成因的矿床。在墨西哥中央高原上分布极为广泛的黄玉流纹岩，与美国西部黄玉流纹岩的不同之处在于：①它们在科迪勒拉东部边缘的高原上呈线性带状产出，而不像美国西部的盆岭区那样呈大面积分布；②它们的年龄范围较窄，代表了大约在30Ma以前发生的岩浆幕，而不像美国西部那样代表在50Ma期间发生的一系列事件；③黄玉流纹岩分布区未出露前寒武纪岩石，而在美国人们通常假定黄玉流纹岩下伏有前寒纪岩石；④它们与双峰火山作用的伴生关系远不如美国西部那样清楚，而且不涉及玄武质岩石；⑤似乎没有含石榴石的黄玉流纹岩；⑥它们伴有大量的锡矿化，但在美国，黄玉流纹岩伴有克莱马克斯型斑岩钼矿床；⑦与此相当的侵入岩特别富B。直接与喷出的黄玉流纹岩穹丘有关的矿床仅包括：（1)玻斑状顶盖角砾岩、陆倾斜流动条带、交叉断裂中的喷气孔锡石和木锡矿以及边缘砂矿；（2）充填裂隙的宝石黄玉和宝石黄玉砂矿。明显地与同期岩浆作用有关的地下矿床包括（3）产于碳酸盐岩中的Ag-Pb-Zn脉状矿床和交代矿床；（4）近地表花岗岩接触带中的含铀萤石矿床；（5）与更深处花岗岩有关的矽卡岩／萤石／Zn-Pb-Ag/Sn/Be矿床。在Pinos、Zac地区流纹熔岩下之很厚的火山泥矿床，可能是由于岩浆与地表水的相互作用而形成的，这些与岩浆相互作用的地下水后来在平流循环时引起碳酸盐岩围岩中出现银矿化。 Spor山型的铍矿床可能产于某些黄玉流纹岩熔岩流还未出露的底部，但这还没有得以证实。     

澳大利亚的历史地理研究

澳大利亚有人类居住的历史至少可以追溯到互万年前,从欧洲人进入算起也有两百年。毋容置疑,土著居民有着以宗教解释土地为特征的本身的地理,他们通过刀耕火种来改变自然景观和影响动物区系。欧洲人居住澳大利亚后,在相对短的时期使这里发生了相当大的变化,他们把工业革命的动力强加于这块土地,根据全球经济对粮食和原材料的需求,选出合宜的地域进行开发。城市网和运输系统增强了澳大利亚联系资本主义世界的经济纽带。     

LARGE-SCALE FEATURES OF THE INDIAN SUMMER MONSOON RAINFALL AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH SOME OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC VARIABLES

The summer monsoon rainfall totals for 31 meteorological subdivisions of India for the years 1901-1980 are analysed. The analysis reveals that four leading eigenvectors (EVs) are significant and account for 65% of the total variance.The spatial pattern of the first EV exhibits in phase fluctuations over almost the whole India. The large coefficients of this vector can be considered as representative of the conditions of large-scale flood and drought over the country. The second pattern reveals the fluctuations mostly over the North Indian region (north of 20° latitude) probably in association with the Western Disturbances. The third pattern indicates fluctuations over the North-West and the North-East India in opposite phase and the fourth pattern exhibits the characteristic features of fluctuations associated with 'break'. The spectral analysis of the coefficients of these EVs revealed quasi-periodicities of 2-5 years.On the basis of examination of the elements of these EVs the country has been divide     

脉冲星在银河系中空间分布的讨论(英文)

已发表的三个脉冲星星表共有384颗。采用这个样本并用一种经验的方法修正观测选择效应,获得脉冲星按银心距离的分布和银河系中可能存在的脉冲星总数。一个明显的峰值在离银心5—7KPC处。脉冲星的总数为(8.4±3.7)×10~4。采用束因子值为5和平均寿命为9×10~6年,得到诞生率为每15—38年产生一颗。     

国际山地学会介绍

国际山地学会最近在美国科罗拉多州组成,该学会是致力于谋求人类财富与山地环境间的平衡以及发展山地资源的非赢利组织。该学会的成立与国际地理学会山地地理委员会1974年慕尼黑和1976年剑桥会议、联合国大学自然资源计划、联合国教科文组织人与生物圈计划、国际自然和自然资源保护和其他有关国际组织的工作有密切的关系,与滥