The Regularized WSM6 Microphysical Scheme and Its Validation in WRF 4D-Var

A cold cloud assimilation scheme was developed that fully considers the water substances, i.e., water vapor, cloud water, rain, ice, snow, and graupel, based on the single-moment WSM6 microphysical scheme and four-dimensional variational(4D-Var) data assimilation in the Weather Research and Forecasting data assimilation(WRFDA) system. The verification of the regularized WSM6 and its tangent linearity model(TLM) and adjoint mode model(ADM) was proven successful. Two groups of single observation a...     

元胞自动机的地理过程模拟机制及扩展

地理空间、地理梯度、地理流和空间关系是经典地理学进行地理过程分析常用的4个基本概念,元胞自动机(CA)作为复杂空间系统研究的重要工具。分析表明,其与经典地理过程分析理论具有类似地表达机制,因而能有效地进行地理过程模拟。但由于标准CA是一种更广泛抽象的空间模型,其对地理特征的描述存在一定局限,限制了其更真实地模拟地理过程的能力。论文提出了基于地理特征的CA概念模型,深圳特区土地利用演化的实证研究表明,地理特征CA概念模型具有极大的应用价值。     

北京市第一次地理国情普查遥感影像解译样本的采集分析

遥感影像作为地理国情普查工作中重要的采集依据,关系着整个国情普查成果的质量。本文通过在北京市第一次地理国情普查中遥感影像解译样本采集的实际经验对采集方法及质量控制等方面进行分析。     

面向对象分类的决策树方法探讨——以Landsat-8OLI为例

针对目前遥感影像分类中面向对象和决策树相结合的研究较少的情况,该文提出基于C5.0决策树的面向对象分类方法,并以广州市从化区进行实证研究。基于Landsat-8OLI影像数据,采用面向对象分类对影像进行多尺度分割,提取出影像对象的光谱、纹理特征以及影像对象相对应的DEM信息;然后利用C5.0决策树根据特征信息来挖掘分类规则;最后根据规则对分割后影像进行分类。结果表明,基于C5.0决策树的面向对象影像分类精度高、效果好,总体精度和Kappa系数分别为89.75%和87.5%。该方法可准确、快速地提取土地利用/覆被信息。     

面向服务的在线专题制图系统

针对目前在线专题图表达存在交互性差、使用不够灵活、表达不够美观等问题。该文分析了当前在线专题制图产品存在的不足之处,并基于NewMap Server软件提出了一套集在线专题数据服务和在线专题制图API为一体的解决方案,在此基础上研发了面向服务的在线专题制图系统。利用NewMap地名地址匹配技术实现专题数据与地名数据的快速准确匹配并且制定统一的服务标准与客户端交互。客户端采用自主的图形算法实现专题数据的可视化表达。最后对专题图系统进行了详细的设计,并对设计的7种统计专题图进行实例验证。实践表明,该专题图系统有交互性强、制图速度快等优点,具有很好应用前景。     

A Study in Search of Interconnection between Surface Parameters and Surrounding Synoptic And Subsynoptic Features

The paper reveals that the variations in parameters like u*, the scaling velocity and θ*. The scaling tempera-ture during the various phases of monsoon might be linked with subsynoptic features. The rise in u* is mainly connected with the presence of lower tropospheric cyclonic vorticity over a subsynoptic scale of the site. However the variations in θ* is mainly linked with the various phases of monsoon and θ* shows a sharp rise in presence of low level convective cloud.Besides the correlation studies of u and u*, θv and θv* , θv-θv0 and θv* are undertaken. The correlation be?tween θv and θv* is poor. In other two cases correlations are good. Besides u/u* , has shown good coefficient of variation values within the ζ range.     

不同观测误差确定方法对地基GNSS-ZTD资料同化预报效果影响的对比分析

利用2016年6—8月华北—东北地区的地基全球卫星导航系统的天顶总延迟(GNSS-ZTD)观测资料、东北区域中尺度数值预报系统,以2016年6—8月的13 d强降水为例,开展基于Desroziers等(2005)理论的Des方法和传统方法进行观测误差确定的天顶总延迟资料同化对比试验研究,探讨Des方法相对于传统观测误差确定方法对天顶总延迟资料同化预报效果的影响,并以未做天顶总延迟资料同化的试验为对照试验,考察天顶总延迟资料在数值模式中的同化应用效果。结果表明:(1)Des方法得到的天顶总延迟观测误差诊断值较为合理,诊断值站点间差别较大,说明逐站进行观测误差诊断的必要性;(2)天顶总延迟资料同化使强降水的强度、落区预报性能得到提高,使温、湿、风等要素的预报与观测接近,Des方案同化分析、预报效果优于传统方案;(3)对2016年7月25日华北—东北强降水过程进行了同化预报分析,整体而言,天顶总延迟资料同化有效增强了对流层中低层初始湿度场,修正了积分初期水凝物含量与位置,进而改善了降水预报效果,修正了对照试验对辽宁东部地区强降水的明显漏报,且通过降水的反馈作用改进了温度与风场预报效果。基于D...     

大连金州地区海陆风特征分析

根据2005年大连金州气象站的常规风向风速资料对金州地区的海陆风特征进行了分析,并应用MM5v3模式模拟了海陆风发生时的风场变化,计算了海风和陆风延伸到内陆和海面的距离。结果表明:大连金州地区海陆风的发生主要受太阳辐射强度和海陆温差的影响,在春夏季晴朗天气条件下海陆风发生的频率较高、平均风速较大,而海陆风的延伸距离主要受风速影响。     

Evaluation of the twenty-first century RCM simulations driven by multiple GCMs over the Eastern Mediterranean–Black Sea region

In this study, human-induced climate change over the Eastern Mediterranean–Black Sea region has been analyzed for the twenty-first century by performing regional climate model simulations forced with large-scale fields from three different global circulation models (GCMs). Climate projections have been produced with Special Report on Emissions Scenarios A2, A1FI and B1 scenarios, which provide greater diversity in climate information for future period. The gradual increases for temperature are widely apparent during the twenty-first century for each scenario simulation, but ECHAM5-driven simulation generally has a weaker signal for all seasons compared to CCSM3 simulations except for the Fertile Crescent. The contrast in future temperature change between the winter and summer seasons is very strong for CCSM3-A2-driven and HadCM3-A2-driven simulations over Carpathians and Balkans, 4–5 °C. In addition, winter runoff over mountainous region of Turkey, which feeds many river systems including the Euphrates and Tigris, increases in second half of the century since the snowmelt process accelerates where the elevation is higher than 1,500 m. Moreover, analysis of daily temperature outputs reveals that the gradual decrease in daily minimum temperature variability for January during the twenty-first century is apparent over Carpathians and Balkans. Analysis of daily precipitation extremes shows that positive trend is clear during the last two decades of the twenty-first century over Carpathians for both CCSM3-driven and ECHAM5-driven simulations. Multiple-GCM driven regional climate simulations contribute to the quantification of the range of climate change over a region by performing detailed comparisons between the simulations.     

Impacts of irrigation on dry season precipitation in India

There is a lack of observed data-based studies examining the role of enhanced soil moisture conditions (due to irrigation) on the prevailing precipitation. Therefore, in the present study, we have examined the impacts of the Green Revolution (GR) related expansion of irrigation and changes in dry season (the rabi (November to May) and the zaid (March to June)) precipitation in India. The results for some regions indicated decreasing and increasing trend in precipitation during the pre- and post-GR periods, respectively. For example, in eastern Madhya Pradesh, the pre- and post-GR precipitation trends for the zaid season were ?0.45 and 2.40?mm?year^?1, respectively. On the other hand, some regions reported lower rate of decline in precipitation during the post-GR period. This paper suggests that both positive and lower declining trend during the post-GR period were linked to increased precipitation due to the introduction of irrigation. The study has found up to 69?mm (121%) increase in total amount of precipitation for growing seasons during the post-GR period. Moreover, a 175% increase in average precipitation was also recorded. All irrigated regions show a notable increase in precipitation during post-GR growing seasons. It was found that differences in growing season average precipitation between the pre- and post-GR periods were statistically significant for most of the regions. For further verification of results, the MM5 and Noah land surface model were applied. These applications show changes in precipitation and various precipitation controlling factors due to changes in soil moisture.