Analysis of the spectral response of flourishing-withering vegetation changes based on ground spectral measurements

A structural mode was used to characterize vegetation composition at the plant leaf level and a flourishing-withering ratio was developed. The spectral responses of vegetation with different flourishing-withering ratios were analyzed, the change rates of the chlorophyll and moisture content indices of vegetation with different flourishing-withering ratios were compared, and correlations between the chlorophyll and moisture content indices were analyzed. The results reveal that leaves with an intermediate flourishing-withering ratio can increase the absorption signatures of vegetation and that band ranges of 570–700 nm and 1300–1540 nm can play a role in indicating changes in the flourishing-withering ratios of vegetation; NPQI, NPCI, R₆₉₅/R₄₂₀, R₆₉₅/R₇₆₀, R₇₅₀/R₇₀₀, the peak-value area of red selvedge, the red selvedge amplitude, the ratio between the red selvedge amplitude and the minimum amplitude, and the NDVI of vegetation change regularly with the change in flourishing-withering ratios, and these nine vegetation indices are highly related to the chlorophyll content. Vegetation indexes of NDWI and PRI are very sensitive to the flourishing-withering change in vegetation and are closely related to the moisture content, and the correlation coefficient is higher than 0.9. The derivative of the spectra is more effective in describing changes in the structural mode of vegetation with different flourishing-withering ratios, especially at band ranges of 552–628 nm and 630–686 nm, and it is more sensitive to the mixed flourishing-withering ratios of leaves rather than to the vegetation indices. The red selvedge position in the spectrum is highly related to the chlorophyll content and is not sensitive to changes in the structural mode of mixed flourishing-withering leaves. The red selvedge parameters are sensitive to changes in the flourishing-withering ratio at the peak-value area of the red selvedge amplitude and the ratio between the red selvedge amplitude and the minimum amplitude. The effect of a sand background on the spectrum of withering leaves is higher than that of flourishing leaves; the effect of a sand background increases with increasing proportions of withering leaves, the superposition effect of the sand background on mixed flourishing-withering leaves is about 7% at visible light bands of 400–700 nm and 1300–1540 nm, and is over 10% at the near infrared band range of 700–1300 nm.     

震后趋势决策支持系统PTDSS

介绍了作者研制的“震后趋势决策支持系统PTDSS”的构成及预报效果,该系统使用模糊联想记忆FAM（Fuzzy Associative Menory)模型将神经网络与模糊系统结合起来,使之具有第2代专家系统的学习功能,系统知识库中除存有专家多年来总结的有关地震现场预报的知识外,还通过系统学习得到了一批十分有意义的,目前专家尚未总结的知识,震例检验的结果该系统有较好的预报效果。     

底部加强型工字形钢管混凝土柱抗震性能研究

提出了工字型截面钢管混凝土柱,同时提出了一种在柱底部区域翼缘贴焊钢板的底部加强型工字形截面钢管混凝土柱。进行了3个不同构造的工字形钢管混凝土柱模型的低周反复荷载试验,模型1为普通工字形钢管混凝土柱,模型2为工字形截面两翼缘外侧贴焊钢板的钢管混凝土柱,模型3为工字形截面两翼缘周边均贴焊钢板的钢管混凝土柱。分析了各模型的破坏特征、承载力、刚度及退化过程、延性和滞回耗能特性。给出了工字形钢管混凝土柱正截面及斜截面承载力计算公式,计算结果与实测符合较好。研究表明:所提出的底部加强型工字形钢管混凝土柱与普通工字形钢管混凝土柱相比,承载力明显提高,延性和抗震耗能能力显著提高。     

Spatial and temporal distribution of storms and their activities over the Bay of Bengal

By statistically analyzing the storm data from the Joint Typhoon Warning Center(JTWC) over the Bengal Bay during the period 1945-2006,it is found that the yearly averaged tropical cyclone(TC) number over the Bay of Bengal is 8.12,which takes place in any month of the whole year;February and March have the fewest TC numbers.The TC numbers begin to increase starting in April and arrive at a peak in October.Differing from TC over the Bay of Bengal,the tropical storms(TS) over the Bay of Bengal has two peak periods,appear in May and in October or November,respectively.With regard to TS intensity,the super severe storm of H4 criterion appeared only one time during the period 1971-1986,but appeared eight times during the period 1987-2006.The monthly change of the original position,the averaged maintaining time,and the longest maintaining time of TS also have two peak values:They appear in April or May and in October or November,respectively.The peak value of the original position in October or November is bigger than that in April or May.The peak value of the average maintaining time and the longest main-taining time of the TS in April or May is bigger than that in October or November.TC landfall path is mostly moving toward northwest or west and accounts for 56.7 percent.The landfall path of the TS differs from that of TC in some respects.The main difference is that the numbers of the northwestern path and un-landfall of TS are less than those for TC,and the numbers of the western path and northeastern path of TS are greater than for TC.Because of the landfall TS in the north-east path has a peak,it and the beginning of the rainy season in Yunnan Province are closely related;it is on Yunnan Province’s early summer precipita-tion that they have a great impact.     

Climatic jumps in the flood/drought historical chronology of central China

Statistical series of flood/drought (F/D) grades and F/D variabilities were derived for the flood and drought chronology (2700 bc-1980 AD) of central China. Two types of climatic jumps were analyzed. The moving sign-test, T-test and F-test were applied to detect jump signals. A few wet-to-dry jumps for time-scales from decades to thousand years were compared with relevant climatic changes in other regions of the world. Changes in the annual rainfall due to jumps were estimated. Some F/D-deficient-to-F/D-frequent jumps were also found and their significance is discussed.Contribution to Clima Locarno — Past and Present Climate Dynamics; Conference September 1990, Swiss Academy of Sciences — National Climate Program     

基于Cosserat连续体的颗粒破碎影响研究

颗粒破碎对颗粒材料宏观力学行为有重要影响。 结合Hardin的破碎经验公式,将表征破碎程度的破碎参量与Cosserat连续体的内部长度参数相关联,形成一个基于Cosserat连续体且能考虑颗粒破碎的弹塑性模型。数值算例主要考察了颗粒破碎对颗粒材料承载能力、塑性应变及局部化行为的影响,数值结果表明,颗粒破碎主要发生在剪切带内,颗粒破碎使得剪切带明显变窄且剪切带内外等效塑性应变梯度明显增大。     

冰冻圈关键地区雪冰化学的时空分布及环境指示意义

采用雪冰常量化学元素示踪体系, 系统分析了冰冻圈关键地区的南极冰盖、北极格陵兰和北极中心地带、以及以青藏高原为中心的高亚洲地区现代降水(表层雪冰)化学的空间分布、季节变化特点. 研究表明, 两极和高亚洲地区雪冰化学反映了全球或局地大气环境本底:南极现代雪冰化学代表了南半球或全球本底, 北极格陵兰地区代表了北半球对流层中部本底, 青藏高原海拔5 000 m以上的高海拔地区雪冰化学则代表中纬度地区对流层中上部本底. 其中, 离子浓度在两极冰盖和喜马拉雅山高海拔地区接近, 而在青藏高原北部高海拔地区则高得多. 三个地区雪冰化学的季节分布特点是: 在南极冰盖, 海盐气溶胶的"丰"季形成雪层化学峰值, 在北极, 冬春季污染物(所谓"北极霾")和漂尘形成季节峰值, 在高亚洲, 主要是春季降尘形成明显污化层. 青藏高原上大风季节与干季重叠, 静风季节与湿季重叠, 决定了干湿沉积过程具有明显季节转换. 总之, 主要阴、阳离子在南、北极和高亚洲雪层中的时空分布揭示了大气气溶胶的源区和传输, 其形成过程与大尺度大气环流、季风和局地尘暴等事件密切相关.     

辽宁五龙金矿黄铁矿的热电性标型特征

黄铁矿是五龙金矿的主要载金矿物之一，热电性以P型为主，占总数的90.8%，变化范围为4.3-392.0uV/℃，N型占9.2%，变化范围为-28.6--177.1uV/℃；不同世代黄铁矿热电性不同，第一世代为P型，第二、三世代为P、N混合型；横向上从矿体到围岩；热电系数由小变大，As使其呈P型，而C0、Ni使其呈N型。     

大别山碧溪岭未经历超高压变质的片麻状花岗岩

关于大别山超高压变质带中与榴辉岩密切伴生的花岗片麻岩是否也经历了超高压变质作用一直是个争议的问题。笔者最近在碧溪岭片麻状花岗岩中首次发现了可靠的岩相学和矿物学证据 ,证明该岩石只遭受到绿片岩相变质作用的改造 ,而未曾记录超高压变质矿物组合。根据片麻状花岗岩与围岩接触部位强烈糜棱岩化的发育 ,认为超高压岩石在抬升到地壳范围时与以花岗质岩石为主构成的扬子陆壳发生了大规模的构造并置。     

考虑饱和黏土初始各向异性的循环边界面塑性模型

天然土体的初始各向异性通常可对其后继循环特性产生显著影响。现有考虑循环载荷作用的土体弹塑性模型,往往采用类似修正剑桥模型的椭圆形屈服面,已有研究表明,该椭圆形屈服面因其拉伸弹性区域偏大,针对天然K0固结状态的土体,其计算精度较差。基于新近提出的广义各向同性硬化准则,在边界面方程中引入初始各向异性张量,并采用空间滑动面破坏准则（SMP）的变换应力法,建立了能考虑饱和黏土初始各向异性的循环边界面塑性模型。分别针对等压和偏压固结的饱和黏土静、动三轴试验进行模拟,结果表明,该模型能合理反映土体的初始各向异性及其后继循环动力特性。