Experimental Study on the Effect of Moisture Content on Bituminous Coal Porosity Based on 3D Reconstruction of Computerized Tomography

Bituminous coal in the Xutuan Coal Mine of the Huaibei Mining Bureau (China) is the research object of this study. The influence of moisture content on the porosity of the bituminous coal was investigated from a microscopic perspective by using a high-solution 3D X-ray micro-analyzer. The threshold segmentation method was used to segment the scanning slices of the coal samples. The threshold values of the various media were in the following order (from large to small): minerals, water, matrices, and fractures. The scanning volume and actual volume proportions of the different media in the coal samples with different moisture contents were calculated. The accuracy of the computerized tomography (CT) scanning method in measuring the coal moisture content was verified by comparison with the results obtained using the weighing method. 3D reconstructed coal samples, with different moisture contents, were analyzed, as well as separately reconstructed fractures and water in the coal samples with different moisture contents. The heterogeneity and anisotropy of the coal mass were explained quantitatively by the CT scanning intensity. A commonly used fracture classification method indicated that the primary fracture in the coal sample was a type A fracture. The results of the analysis of water in the coal fracture indicated that the porosity of bituminous coal decreased with the increase in moisture content in conditions of atmospheric pressure and a short immersion period. However, a certain level of porosity remained evident, and the degree of fracture development of the coal samples remained unchanged. This is attributed to the minor volumetric change in the minerals in the coal samples, as the water does not completely occupy the fractures in the coal samples, and the dissolution of the minerals by water is therefore not significant. The reasons for the moisture content affecting gas adsorption, seepage, and strength of a coal body were analyzed from a microscopic perspective. In addition, the types of fractures and water in the coal samples were classified by employing statistics and analyses of volume, surface area, specific surface area, and aspect ratio of the fractures and the water in the coal samples with different moisture contents.

     

Numerical Simulation of Broken Coal Strength Influence on Compaction Characteristics in Goaf

Natural Resources Research - The caving zone in goaf can be regarded as a porous medium consisting of broken coal and a rock mass. During the compaction process of broken coal and a rock mass in a...     

流域水污染物排放总量控制研究--以吉林省松花江流域为例

介绍了污染物排放总量控制的３种类型：容量总量控制、目标总量控制和行业总量控制;提出了总量控制的技术路线和技术方法;并将此理论与方法具体应用到吉林省松共的总量控制研究中,着重分析了松花江中下游控制单元和吉林市子控制单元的总量控制方案;最后探讨了总量控制措施。     

中国化石能源补贴区域分布及改革影响效应研究

从区域分布视角出发,采用价差法估算了中国2006~2015年化石能源补贴量。结果表明：能源补贴呈现东、中、西部地区依次递减的格局,分别为2.72万亿元、1.80万亿元和1.53万亿元;能源补贴存在较强的空间相关性,且呈现显著的“俱乐部”现象;取消能源补贴对于中国实现“十一五”期间节能减排目标具有重要意义,具体来说,可使全国能源强度下降幅度由19.10%提升为22.36%;取消能源补贴的东部地区节能减排效应最为明显,中部地区敏感程度相对较弱;同时,取消能源补贴会导致居民生活成本不同幅度上涨,其中中部地区居民面临最大的影响,尤其是农村居民受到的冲击更为显著;化石能源补贴改革进程中,政府需要加大对中部地区尤其是农村居民扶持力度,以抵消可能进一步拉大贫富差距的风险。     

Mineral association and graphite inclusions in nephrite jade from Liaoning,northeast China: Implications for metamorphic conditions and ore genesis

The Liaoning Province in the northeastern part of the North China Craton(NCC) hosts several tremolite jade(nephrite) deposits. Here we investigate the Sangpiyu tremolite jade deposit where the relationship between abundant graphite inclusions within the jade remains enigmatic. We employ petrography, electron probe microanalysis, X-ray-diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy to characterize the tremolite jade and its inclusion minerals. The Sangpiyu jade is predominately composed of tremolite with minor calcite, dolomite, serpentine, titanite, zoisite, allanite, chlorite,apatite, chromite and graphite. Raman spectroscopy of graphite inclusions shows that the D1/G intensity ratio ranges from 0.78 to 0.88 in deep green samples and from 0.05 to 0.23 in dark green samples. The ranges of D1/(D1 + G) integral area ratio for these types are from 0.0548 to 0.3037 and 0.5528 to 0.7355 respectively. The formation temperature of graphite inclusions in the dark green tremolite jade is computed as 549.8 ℃, whereas that for the deep green sample is about343.2 ℃. Our results suggest that the jade formation occurred in a multi-stage process through the action of hydrothermal fluids and metamorphism possibly in a subduction-related setting at moderate to high temperatures.     

王家庄北沟多金属矿区钻探施工技术

在河北省承德县王家庄北沟钼多金属矿钻探施工中,钻遇岩石以燧石条带白云岩、石英岩为主,岩石可钻性级别高,钻遇地层硬、脆、碎,钻头打滑严重,孔壁坍塌和漏失,钻进效率极低。为提高钻进效率,经取样分析岩性后,专门定制了适用于该地层的钻头。采用了多种方法迫使钻头出刃,并根据不同孔段地层岩性选择不同钻进工艺参数和钻井液体系。总结出适于本矿区地层的钻进工艺参数,使用不同性能的钻井液,起到了较好的护壁堵漏作用,提高了钻进效率。     

云南大丫口祖母绿颜色环带成因对多阶段成矿的指示意义

云南大丫口祖母绿常出现颜色环带,且伴随明显成分变化,而目前颜色环带的成因仍存争议,相关的多阶段成矿假说尚缺少明确证据。文章通过电子探针和激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子质谱仪对大丫口祖母绿的颜色环带及黑色矿物包裹体进行主微量元素成分分析,并对不同类型岩脉祖母绿中流体包裹体进行显微测温分析,进而探讨祖母绿颜色环带成因与多阶段成矿的联系。成分测试结果表明,从浅绿白核部至绿色边部,V(970×10^-6→10 077×10^-6)、Rb(9.6×10^-6→27.4×10^-6)、Cs(535×10^-6→3 108×10^-6)、Fe(1 376×10^-6→2 199×10^-6)和Ga(4×10^-6→14.7×10^-6)等微量元素的含量急剧增加。结合绿色晶体边部中同生黑色富钒电气石包裹体的分布,有力证明了大丫口祖母绿颜色分带的形成与晶体的多阶段成矿有关。流体包裹体测试结果表明,含矿长石-方解石脉、含矿石英脉和伟晶岩-变粒岩接触带中矿物的流体包裹体盐度范围分别为3.39%~10.36%(NaCl_eq)、5.71%~12.29%(NaCl_eq)和8%~18.72%(NaCl_eq),指示了伟晶岩脉中祖母绿的多阶段结晶,且表明随结晶阶段演变,成矿流体的盐度逐渐升高。同时,成矿流体盐度升高也是晚期云英岩化阶段致色元素含量剧增的原因。     

硝酸盐中15N和18O的测试新技术及其在地下水氮污染防治研究中的进展

针对硝酸盐对地下水污染的严重性，介绍了用CaO除去CO2和H2O的测定氮同位素比值的燃烧等方法和和利用AgNO3 C(石墨）生成CO2的测定NO^-3中氧同位素比值的燃烧法，研究了用^15N和^18O同位素分析地下水中NO^-3来源和判断硝化作用和反硝化作用的发生机理。     

西藏高原灌区氮素迁移转化特性及模拟方法

针对西藏高原灌区的水文和氮素迁移转化特性,于2014年和2015年青稞种植期在西藏林芝市丹娘灌区测定了土壤-松散岩体介质中径向渗流和地表排水过程中的流量、氨氮和硝态氮浓度变化过程。发展了分段连续演算方法描述径向通量过程,基于集总式一阶动力学方法计算径向渗流及排水过程中氮素的转化过程,构建了西藏高原灌区水文及氮素迁移转化模型。结果表明:灌区径向通量分别占降雨量和灌水量的26.2%和40.9%。进入排水沟的NH₄+-N和NO₃--N通量分别占深层渗漏量的20.2%和25.1%。流量、NH₄+-N和NO₃--N浓度模拟结果的系统偏差、Nash-Sutcliffe系数、相对均方根误差和累积偏差分别为0.043、0.694、0.081和0.242,表明所提出的方法有效地模拟了西藏高原灌区水文及氮素的迁移、转化和入河过程。     

21世纪前十年的中国土地覆盖变化

土地覆盖变化是陆地生态系统变化的重要组成部分与驱动因素。在全球变化、生态环境建设、经济高速发展等因素的影响下,21世纪前十年中国土地覆盖发生了显著变化,对此变化的监测和分析不但能支持中国碳源/汇的评估和碳收支估算,还可为生态环境变化评估提供基础数据。本研究在面向对象（object-based）的分类技术支持下,利用LandsatTM/ETM数据和HJ-1卫星数据,结合大量外业调查数据生产了30m分辨率的2000年、2010年中国土地覆盖数据（ChinaCover）;采用像元二分法生产了植被覆盖度数据。利用这两个数据集对中国土地覆盖10年的变化特点进行了分析。结果表明,人工表面和林地呈增加趋势,而耕地、湿地和草地面积呈减少的趋势;人工表面的快速增加和耕地面积的大规模减少是这一时期中国土地覆盖变化的最主要特点;土地覆盖类型转换中,耕地转换为人工表面的区域主要集中在我国中东部地区,耕地转换为林地和草地的区域主要分布在退耕还林还草的重点区域,耕地的扩张主要来自三江平原和新疆绿洲的农业开发。以植被覆盖度为评估指标显示森林、灌丛和草地质量总体呈上升趋势,但在汶川地震重灾区、横断山以及武夷山等局部地区的森林质量呈退化趋势;塔里木盆地周围、青藏高原东部、太行山、吕梁山等地区的灌丛植被覆盖度有所下降;内蒙古中部、青藏高原西南部、新疆天山南部、呼伦贝尔等地区的草地出现退化现象。