四川盆地东部垫江盐盆早三叠世嘉陵江组四段杂卤石成因及对成钾的指示

四川盆地三叠纪是主要的成钾期,目前发现的主要含钾矿物为杂卤石,有关早三叠世嘉陵江组四段石盐岩中杂卤石成因一直存在争议.采用薄片鉴定、扫描电镜、稀土元素和锶同位素等手段,分析了四川盆地东部垫江盐盆长寿地区嘉陵江组四段石盐岩中杂卤石矿物形态特征,初步探讨了该杂卤石成因及对寻找海相钾盐的指示意义.扫描电镜下与石盐岩共生的杂卤...     

褐藻纲海带目Laminaria属和Saccharina属基于三个分子标记的系统发育分析

In the past two decades, many studies have focused on the classification within genus Laminaria, ultimately trying to divide it into two subgroups or genera: Laminaria and Saccharina. A significant debate still surrounds the question of its division, as the conflicting phylogenetic hypotheses that have resulted from the classification studies are based on different taxon sampling, molecular markers, or analysis methods. It is aimed at elucidate the molecular phylogeny within Laminaria and Saccharina. The nine species of Laminariales are sampled from northern Asia and Europe, and 23 new sequences in the nuclear, plastid, and mitochondrial genomes are determined to identify their taxonomic status. The phylogenetic analyses of 71 species are performed, including representatives from six of the seven families of the order Laminariales, based on three separate data sets. An evidence is provided to strongly support a clear split that maintains the two recognized genera, Laminaria and Saccharina, with Laminaria appearing to be the ancestor group. Further, analyses indicate that all taxa in Saccharina and Laminaria did not form a monophyletic lineage, instead Laminariaceae and Lessoniaceae grouped together interlacedly, and Costariaceae appeared as the sister taxon of the Lessoniaceae–Laminariaceae clade. In the phylogenetic analysis, mitochondrial c oxidase I(COI) sequences appeared to be the most credible molecular marker which was more befitting than nuclear encoded internal transcribed spacer(ITS) and plastid encoded rbcL for establishment of Laminariales systematics. It is the most comprehensive phylogeny of the order Laminariales, and contributes to an enhanced understanding and estimation of the phylogenetic relationships for the economically important seaweeds, Laminaria and Saccharina.     

土库曼斯坦阿姆河盆地卡洛夫-牛津阶储层特征及控制因素分析

土库曼斯坦东北部的阿姆河盆地,是中亚地区最重要的含油气盆地之一。根据钻井岩芯和分析化验资料,确定阿姆河盆地卡洛夫-牛津阶为碳酸盐台地相沉积,具有特征的前缘缓斜坡沉积模式,可划分为蒸发台地、局限台地、开阔台地、台地边缘、前缘缓斜坡和盆地6个相带。其中台内、台地边缘和前缘缓斜坡为储层发育相带,尤以发育于台地边缘、开阔台地和前缘缓斜坡相带中的礁、滩微相最有利于储层发育。沉积微相和岩性对储层类型及物性有直接控制,特点为高能环境条件下沉积的块状礁灰岩和中-厚层状滩相颗粒灰岩以发育原生孔隙保存良好的孔隙型和裂缝-孔隙型储层为主,而较低能环境条件下沉积的(含)颗粒微晶灰岩、隐藻灰岩和泥-微晶灰岩以发育基质岩物性很差的裂缝型储层为主。通过综合分析,认为储层发育受沉积微相、岩性和成岩作用复合控制,以各相带内的礁、滩微相灰岩为高效勘探开发目标的"甜心"位置。     

超级喷发(超级侵入)后成矿作用

本文仿照超级喷发的概念定义了超级侵入,并将超级火山对应于大型岩基.文章聚焦于这样一个科学问题:为什么大规模成矿作用发生在紧接着超级喷发和超级侵入之后？为此,首先探讨了峨嵋山地幔柱系统的活动规律.尽管少数学者对玄武质岩浆大规模喷出之前的千米级地壳隆升提出了质疑,峨嵋山火山岩系第一旋回底部玄武岩直接覆盖在喀斯特之上的新观察支持千米级隆升的认识.这表明,峨嵋山地幔柱快速上涌之初期,岩石圈子系统在相当长一段时间没有作出伸展响应,尽管局部已经发生了地壳岩石的部分熔融.因此,岩浆通道形成之后,首先喷出了巨厚层玄武岩,并且后者裹挟了部分长英质岩浆.此后,岩浆喷发的规模振荡性减小,直至消失和地表沉降.斜长石巨斑玄武岩和苦橄岩中橄榄石斑晶与基质间的不平衡表明这些晶体属于循环晶,暗示岩浆曾经在深部岩浆房滞留了相当长的时间,这将导致岩石圈受热膨胀和再次隆升以及岩浆的冻结.因此,下一阶段岩浆活动的开始要求有一个冻结岩浆房的活化机制.依据野外地质学和岩相学观察,文章详细描述了流体活化机制,并强调了提出这种机制的必要性.虽然多数作者偏好升温活化机制,流体活化机制对长英质和镁铁质岩浆成矿系统都是必需的.进而,结合地幔名义无水矿物的H₂O丰度及其对岩浆产生过程的贡献,提出岩浆产量与减压速率正相关而与流体产量反相关的观点.尽管水流体可以有效降低地幔橄榄岩的固相线温度从而有可能提高岩浆产量,新生代玄武岩中橄榄岩包体依然含有未分解的角闪石和云母且名义无水矿物依然含有较多的H₂O,表明快速减压条件下含水暗色矿物的分解反应和名义无水矿物的脱水作用都是低效的.将这种认识与峨嵋山地幔柱系统的振荡性运动结合在一起,结合成矿作用的基本解是成矿金属从流体中析出的认识,可以得出超大型矿床必然形成于超级喷发和超级侵入之后.攀枝花式铁矿的观察表明,两类代表性矿床都具有铁矿浆侵位发生在成矿系统演化最后阶段的特点.因此得出结论:超大型矿床的形成取决于岩浆通道向流体通道的转换.如果岩浆通道在尚未完全封闭之前被含矿流体所利用,大规模流体快速上升将产生超大型矿床.含矿流体透过残留于通道中的熔体上升,不仅冲刷通道中的残留熔体并使其聚集在火山岩系之下或侵位于其下部形成含矿小岩体,而且持续注入于小岩浆体中的含矿流体可以导致岩浆强烈分异形成层状岩体.当通道中残留熔体被消耗殆尽,沿着通道上升的只有含矿流体.这些含矿流体充填在自生长裂隙中并强烈排气,最终可形成矿浆型富矿体.考虑到通道的规模与关闭速率的关系,推测超级喷发/侵入发生时的岩浆主通道更容易转换为含矿流体通道,因而是圈定找矿靶区的首选目标.该模型似乎与观察结果相吻合,并可与岩浆成矿系统的复杂性、小岩体成大矿理论、透岩浆流体成矿理论和通道成矿假说有机地结合在一起,较合理解释了超级喷发/侵入后成矿作用的地球动力学背景和成矿过程.由于长英质和镁铁质岩浆系统中均可见岩基,我们建议将这类成矿作用统称为岩基后成矿作用.     

松嫩平原耕层土壤固碳潜力估算

提高土壤碳收集能力对减缓全球温室效应具有重要意义。利用松嫩平原南部第二次土壤普查及多目标区域地球化学调查获取的两期表层土壤有机碳数据,根据近20年来各土壤类型不同土地利用方式土壤有机碳量变化趋势,估算了松嫩平原南部各土壤类型、各用地方式下土壤碳源、汇潜力。由估算得出,如果目前的土地利用方式、气候条件、耕作方式、种植技术不变,松嫩平原耕地土壤0~20 cm土层的固碳潜力为-1.229Tg碳,各土壤类型的林地土壤固碳潜力绝大多数为正值,说明林业用地为碳汇区,固碳潜力合计为3.169Tg碳,而天然牧草地绝大多数的固碳潜力为负值,固碳潜力合计为-2.235Tg碳,为碳源区,本次研究估算得出,松嫩平原总体的固碳潜力为-0.917Tg碳。     

Geochemical features and origin of natural gas in heavy oil area of the Western Slope,Songliao Basin,China

The Western Slope of the Songliao Basin is rich in heavy oil resources (>70 × 10⁸ bbl), around which there are shallow gas reservoirs (∼1.0 × 10¹² m³). The gas is dominated by methane with a dryness over 0.99, and the non-hydrocarbon component being overwelmingly nitrogen. Carbon isotope composition of methane and its homologs is depleted in ¹³C, with δ¹³C₁ values being in the range of −55‰ to −75‰, δ¹³C₂ being in the range of −40‰ to −53‰ and δ¹³C₃ being in the range of −30‰ to −42‰, respectively. These values differ significantly from those solution gases source in the Daqing oilfield. This study concludes that heavy oils along the Western Slope were derived from mature source rocks in the Qijia-Gulong Depression, that were biodegraded. The low reservoir temperature (30–50 °C) and low salinity of formation water with neutral to alkaline pH (NaHCO₃) appeared ideal for microbial activity and thus biodegradation. Natural gas along the Western Slope appears mainly to have originated from biodegradation and the formation of heavy oil. This origin is suggested by the heavy δ¹³C of CO₂ (−18.78‰ to 0.95‰) which suggests that the methane was produced via fermentation as the terminal decomposition stage of the oil.     

Erosions on the southern Tibetan Plateau: Evidence from in-situ cosmogenic nuclides 10Be and 26Al in fluvial sediments

Investigating topographic and climatic controls on erosion at variable spatial and temporal scales is essential to our understanding of the topographic evolution of the orogen.In this work,we quantified millennial-scale erosion rates deduced from cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al concentrations in 15 fluvial sediments from the mainstream and major tributaries of the Yarlung Zangbo River draining the southern Tibetan Plateau (TP).The measured ratios of 26Al/10Be range from 6.33 ± 0.29 to 8.96 ± 0.37,suggesting steady-state erosion processes.The resulted erosion rates vary from 20.60 ± 1.79 to 154.00 ± 13.60 m Myr-1,being spatially low in the upstream areas of the Gyaca knickpoint and high in the downstream areas.By examining the relationships between the erosion rate and topographic or climatic indices,we found that both topography and climate play significant roles in the erosion process for basins in the upstream areas of the Gyaca knickpoint.However,topography dominantly controls the erosion processes in the downstream areas of the Gyaca knickpoint,whereas variations in precipitation have only a second-order control.The marginal Himalayas and the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin (YZRB) yielded significantly higher erosion rates than the central plateau,which indicated that the landscape of the central plateau surface is remarkably stable and is being intensively consumed at its boundaries through river headward erosion.In addition,our 10Be erosion rates are comparable to present-day hydrologic erosion rates in most cases,suggesting either weak human activities or long-term steady-state erosion in this area.     

IPS在无人机遥感影像处理中的应用

介绍了IPS在无人机遥感影像处理中的流程及软件的特点和优势,实例验证,该软件能够快速处理海量无人机遥感数据,为无人机遥感影像数据处理市场提供了一种实用的有效解决方案。