中国上空的涡动水汽输送

利用1983年国内外149个探空站全年资料,系统地研究了中国大陆上空的涡动水汽输送,包括涡动水汽输送的路径、收支量及其时空分布特点。研究表明,我国夏半年是涡动水汽源地,冬半年是汇地;涡动水汽以春、秋的4、10月最强,30°～40°N间最为活跃;涡动水汽净输送量在华北、西北、东北均超过总输送净量的50%;涡动水汽的经向性十分明显,经由长江流域北界输入北方的涡动水汽量占总输送量的91%强,表明它是把湿润地区暖湿水汽输向干旱、半干旱地区的主要机制,这不仅对北方大气湿度的维持,而且对其降水都有着特殊的贡献。     

新疆阿尔泰山哈纳斯河流域及其邻域第四纪冰川作用

根据新疆阿尔泰山哈纳斯河流域及其邻域第四纪冰川遗迹的类型和特征,哈纳斯河流域第四纪时期至少发生过5次明显的冰川事件,即倒数第三冰期,倒数第二冰期,倒数第一冰期(末次冰期),新冰期和小冰期。其中,更新世的3次冰川作用规模巨大,倒数第三冰期的冰川呈半覆盖式,倒数第二冰期和倒数第一冰期时发育了长达96km以上的大型山谷冰川。古冰川属于冰温高、活动性大和侵蚀能力强的温冰川。从新到老,每次冰期的雪线下降幅度一次比一次大。     

贺兰山东麓冲沟裂点溯源迁移速率及其形成年龄的讨论

本文通过对洪积扇断层崖上升盘冲沟裂点位置的实测和研究,讨论了贺兰山东麓地区影响裂点溯源迁移速率的主要因素,建立了这一地区裂点位置与形成年龄关系的公式。据此确定贺兰山东麓断层全新世以来至少发生过三次类似1739年平罗大地震的古地震事件,强震的重复间隔时间大约在2500年至3500年     

中国东部三个中新生代含油(气)盆地和拗(凹)陷泥岩压实与流体运移模拟

根据自己研制的高压控温泥岩压实仪,对我国三水、泌阳和黄骅三个中新生代含油(气)盆地和拗(凹)陷进行了压实模拟,从而证实了我国东部三个中新生代盆地和拗(凹)陷存在四个压实阶段,证实了泥质沉积物和地温梯度是严重影响压实和流体运移的主要因素,同时还证实了三水盆地和泌阳凹陷存在着严重的剥蚀。     

Balloon observations of organic and inorganic chlorine in the stratosphere: the role of HClO4 production on sulfate aerosols

Simultaneous observations of stratospheric organic and inorganic chlorine were made in September 1993 out of Fort Sumner, New Mexico, using JPL balloon-borne MkIV interferometer. Between 15 and 20 km, a significant fraction (20-60%) of the inorganic chlorine could not be accounted for by the sum of measured HCl, ClONO2, and HOCl. Laboratory measurements of the reaction of ClO radicals on sulfuric acid solutions have indicated that, along with HCl, small amounts of perchloric acid, HClO4, were formed. Very little is known about the fate of HClO4 in the stratosphere and we use a photochemical box model to determine the impact of this new species on the partitioning of inorganic chlorine in the stratosphere. Assuming that HClO4 is photochemically stable, it is shown that in the enhanced aerosol loading conditions resulting from Mt. Pinatubo's eruption, HClO4 could represent a significant reservoir of chlorine in the lower stratosphere, sequestering up to 0.2 ppbv (or 50%) of the total inorganic chlorine at 16 km. The occurrence of this new species could bring to closure the inorganic chlorine budget deficiency made apparent by recent ER-2 aircraft in situ measurements of HCl.     

Remote-sensing data reveals the response of soil erosion intensity to land use change in Loess Plateau,China

Developing an effective approach to rapidly assess the effects of restoration projects on soil erosion intensity and their extensive spatial and temporal dynamics is important for regional ecosystem management and the development of soil conservation strategies in the future. This study applied a model that was developed at the pixel scale using water soil erosion indicators (land use, vegetation coverage and slope) to assess the soil erosion intensity in the Loess Plateau, China. Landsat TM/ETM+ images in 2000, 2005 and 2010 were used to produce land use maps based on the object-oriented classification method. The MODIS product MOD13Q1 was adopted to derive the vegetation coverage maps. The slope gradient maps were calculated based on data from the digital elevation model. The area of water soil-eroded land was classified into six grades by integrating slope gradients, land use and vegetation coverage. Results show that the Grain-To-Green Project in the Loess Plateau worked based on the land use changes from 2000 to 2010 and enhanced vegetation restoration and ecological conservation. These projects effectively prevented soil erosion. During this period, lands with moderate, severe, more severe and extremely severe soil erosion intensities significantly decreased and changed into less severe levels, respectively. Lands with slight and light soil erosion intensities increased. However, the total soil-eroded area in the Loess Plateau was reduced. The contributions of the seven provinces to the total soil-eroded area in the Loess Plateau and the composition of the soil erosion intensity level in each province are different. Lands with severe, more severe and extremely severe soil erosion intensities are mainly distributed in Qinghai, Ningxia, Gansu and Inner Mongolia. These areas, although relatively small, must be prioritised and preferentially treated.     

Characterization of genome-wide microsatellites of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Saccharina japonica</Emphasis> based on a preliminary assembly of Illumina sequencing reads

Microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSR) function widely and locate dependently in genome. However, their characteristics are often ignored due to the lack of genomic sequences of most species. Kelp (Saccharina japonica), a brown macroalga, is extensively cultured in China. In this study, the genome of S. japonica was surveyed using an Illumina sequencing platform, and its microsatellites were characterized. The preliminarily assembled genome was 469.4 Mb in size, with a scaffold N₅₀ of 20529 bp. Among the 128370 identified microsatellites, 90671, 25726 and 11973 were found in intergenic regions, introns and exons, averaging 339.3, 178.8 and 205.4 microsatellites per Mb, respectively. These microsatellites distributed unevenly in S. japonica genome. Mononucleotide motifs were the most abundant in the genome, while trinucleotide ones were the most prevalent in exons. The microsatellite abundance decreased significantly with the increase of motif repeat numbers, and the microsatellites with a small number of repeats accounted for a higher proportion of the exons than those of the intergenic regions and introns. C/G-rich motifs were more common in exons than in intergenic regions and introns. These characteristics of microsatellites in S. japonica genome may associate with their functions, and ultimately their adaptation and evolution. Among the 120140 pairs of designed microsatellite primers, approximately 75% were predicted to be able to amplify S. japonica DNA. These microsatellite markers will be extremely useful for the genetic breeding and population evolution studies of kelp.     

Northern-Hemisphere snow cover patterns and formation conditions in winter 2007 and 2012

The Arctic sea ice minimum records appeared in the Septembers of 2007 and 2012, followed by high snow cover areas in the Northern Hemisphere winters. The snow cover distributions show different spatial patterns in these two years: increased snow cover in Central Asia and Central North America in 2007, while increased snow cover in East Asia and northwestern Europe in 2012. The high snow cover anomaly shifted to higher latitudes in winter of 2012 compared to 2007. It is noticed that the snow cover had positive anomaly in 2007 and 2012 with the following conditions: the negative geopotential height and the related cyclonic wind anomaly were favorable for upwelling, and, with the above conditions, the low troposphere and surface air temperature anomaly and water vapor anomaly were favorable for the formation and maintenance of snowfalls. The negative geopotential height, cyclonic wind and low air temperature conditions were satisfied in different locations in 2007 and 2012, resulting in different spatial snow cover patterns. The cross section of lower air temperature move to higher latitudes in winter of 2012 compared to 2007.     

吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组烃源岩评价及页岩油富集条件探讨

准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组为一套优质陆相烃源岩, 是我国当前页岩油气研究的热点地区之一.基于吉木萨尔凹陷18口井芦草沟组约为580 m岩心观察、薄片观察、地球化学测试等数据, 对芦草沟组烃源岩岩石类型、地球化学特征等方面开展了研究与评价, 结果表明: 1)芦草沟组烃源岩整体上为优质烃源岩, 且以Ⅰ-Ⅱ型有机质类型为主, 处于低熟至成熟阶段; 2)烃源岩主要划分为5种类型, 包括纯页岩、白云质页岩、纯泥岩, 白云质泥岩和粉砂质泥岩, 其有机质类型和丰度存在一定差异.综合研究得出, 吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组优质有效烃源岩的有机质丰度下限值为2.0%, 并认为TOC≥2.0%的烃源岩段也是该区页岩油发育的有利层段.