构造物理化学的思路、研究和问题

构造物理化学是研究地壳物质受构造作用产生的物理和化学变化相互关联的领域。构造力可以分解为两部分一部分是均应力,指各向相等的应力,它叠加在原有压力之上,并且影响着各种化学反应的平衡,也是成岩、成矿和变质作用的影响因素。另一部分是差应力,固体中受外力作用普遍产生差应力,它引起地壳物质变形,产生各种构造形迹。构造物理化学特别关注构造作用产生或引起的压力、温度及其他的物理化学条件的变化,研究这些构造附加参量对各种化学平衡的影响,逐渐发展成为独立的学科研究领域。     

爆管法在北美地区的应用现状

随着市政部门不断寻求节约成本的创新技术来解决地下基础设施问题,非开挖管线更换技术诸如爆管法成为可行的选择。爆管法是一种用相等或更大口径的新管更换现有地下供水给水、污水排水和燃气输送管线的施工方法。它是唯一一种完全沿旧管线线路铺设的施工方法。这使得安装新管线施工时无须征求额外通行权。爆管法兴起于20纪80年代,现在已遍布北美地区。本文通过对来自2007—2010年加拿大和美国的886个项目的调查问卷结果的总结,讨论了目前非开挖更管技术的趋势,分析了爆管法施工中的因素：包括设备的使用、采购与支付的形式、管线扩径的限制和施工的风险。     

钢筋混凝土短肢剪力墙抗震性能试验研究

通过6片1：2单层短肢墙试体的低周反复荷戴试验,研究了在低周反复荷载作用下钢筋混凝土短肢剪力墙的整体工作性能、破坏形态及滞回特性。结果表明：试件的最终破坏均是由连梁失效引起的,连梁是短肢剪力墙结构的薄弱环节,因此,连梁的混凝土强度不应低于墙肢的混凝土强度,以免连梁出现粘结破坏;有翼墙的短肢剪力墙试体其延性系数都达到了3．5以上．其耗能能力较无翼墙短肢墙好。     

1959-2003年中国天山积雪的变化

Mcteorological data at 17 weather stations in the Tianshan Mountains from 1959 to 2003 were analyzed to explore the variations in temperature and snow cover.The abrupt change test for snow depth was performed using Mann-Kendall statistic.The spatial distribution of maximum snow depth was calculated by employing GIDS interpolation and DEM data.The results show that mean temperature in winter had a rising trend at a rate of 0.44℃/10a.The minimum temperature in winter increased more evidently at a rate of 0.79℃/10a.The maximum snow depth has obviously deepened at a rate of 1.15 cm/10 a in the past 45 years,and it was about 16% higher than the average during 1991-2003.The Mann-Kendall statistic test of snow depth indicates that the abrupt change occurred in 1976.The maximum increment for snow cover depth occurred in Zhaoshu(Kunes)(39.3%)and Nilka(39.7%)in the west Tiansban Mountains.In contrast,the snow cover depth reduced by 17% in Barkol in the east Tianshan Mountains.There was a primary change periodicity of about 2.8 years in snow cover.In addition,snow cover days with a depth more than 10 cm increased distinctly,however,there was no obvious advance or delay in snow beginning and ending dates.     

冬夏季节热带副热带OLR场的遥相关分析

本文利用NOAA13年月平均格点资料分析了冬夏热带副热带射出长波辐射(OLR)的气候特征及其遥相关结构。结果表明,OLR场的高低值带有明显的季节变动,低值带中心从冬至夏由赤道西太平洋地区向西北移至孟加拉湾,高值带从冬至夏北移约10—15个纬度,但东南太平洋高值区的位置无明显季节变动。 遥相关结构分析表明,冬夏季节OLR场分别有8个遥相关关键区,它们之间存在着较强的同时性遥相关联系。冬季遥相关型主要由位于赤道低纬度“印度洋—西太平洋—东太平洋—大西洋”的纬向2波式遥相关和在太平洋中部、东亚地区,南北半球副热带与赤道地区的经向负遥相关型组成。夏季OLR遥相关关键区主要分布在孟加拉湾至赤道西太平洋、东太平洋与低纬度大西洋和中纬度东亚沿海与北美大陆,构成低纬度和中纬度两类纬向正遥相关型。进一步分析发现,冬夏OLR遥相关型的年际变化较好地揭示了OLR场异常与ENSO、低纬度Walker、Hadley环流等海—气系统异常的整体联系。      

河南卢氏—栾川地区铅锌矿成矿多样性分析及成矿预测

河南省卢氏-栾川地区位于华北陆块南缘与秦岭造山带的衔接部位,是中国重要的钼、钨、铅、锌多金属成矿区。通过控矿地质条件与成矿环境多样性分析,将研究区铅锌矿划分为3种成因类型:岩浆热液交代型铅锌矿床、MVT型铅锌矿床和SEDEX型铅锌矿床。在此基础上,利用“成矿专属性”和“成矿多样性”相结合的找矿思路,对矿区不同类型矿床成矿进行远景评价,指出具有良好的找矿前景。     

杂交鲆(牙鲆♀×夏鲆♂)胚胎发育的初步观察

通过人工调控促使亲本牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)♀×夏鲆(Paralichthys dentatus)♂的性腺发育,人工干法授精获得杂交受精卵。杂交受精卵在温度为16.5~17.5℃,光照为100~400 lx,微充气条件下孵化。对杂交鲆胚胎发育全过程进行连续观察并与牙鲆及夏鲆的胚胎发育进行比较。结果表明:杂交鲆卵裂方式与其他大部分硬骨鱼类一样,属于盘状卵裂。受精后经过2 h 30 min进入2细胞期,7 h 45 min进入囊胚期,15 h 10 min进入原肠胚阶段,25 h 30 min进入神经胚期,49 h左右进入尾芽期。授精后63 h左右发现初孵仔鱼,68h左右50%的仔鱼孵出。在杂交鲆的胚胎发育中,主要有2个发育特征与母本类似而与父本不同:视囊的出现要早于体节的分化;孵化前,仔鱼在卵膜内环绕卵黄囊不到1周。但是在其孵化时间上却与父本相似。     

重庆酉阳坝竹坨汞、铅锌矿床地质特征及成因分析

酉阳坝竹坨汞、铅锌矿叠生并主要呈似层状和脉状产于中寒武统高台组、石冷水组白云岩中,矿石矿物组合简单,主要有辰砂、方铅矿、闪锌矿、方解石、白云石、石英、重晶石、萤石等。矿床主要受地层、岩性及构造的控制。矿床为多期热液成矿。     

东海盆地中、新生代盆架结构与构造演化

基于地貌、钻井、岩石测年和地震等资料,分析盆地地层分布、盆架结构、构造单元划分和裂陷迁移规律,结果表明东海盆地由台北坳陷、舟山隆起、浙东坳陷、钓鱼岛隆褶带和冲绳坳陷构成,是以新生代沉积为主、中生代沉积为辅的大型中、新生代叠合含油气盆地;古元古代变质岩系构成了盆地的基底。该盆地不仅是印度-太平洋前后相继的动力体系作用下形成的西太平洋沟-弧-盆构造体系域一部分,而且也是古亚洲洋动力体系作用下形成的古亚洲洋构造域和特提斯洋动力体系作用下形成的特提斯洋构造域一部分,晚侏罗世至早白垩世经历了构造体制转换,盆地格局发生重大变革,早白垩世以前主要受古亚洲-特提斯洋构造体制影响的强烈挤压造山和地壳增厚作用演变为早白垩世以来主要受太平洋构造体制控制的陆缘伸展裂陷和岩石圈减薄作用,经历侏罗纪古亚洲-特提斯构造体制大陆边缘拗陷和白垩纪以来太平洋构造体制弧后裂陷两大演化阶段。白垩纪以来太平洋构造体制的弧后裂陷演化阶段可细分为早白垩世至始新世裂陷期、渐新世至晚中新世拗陷期和中新世末至全新世裂陷期。     

Response of bedload transport, submarine topography, and dune internal structures to typhoon processes off Dongfang coast in the Beibu Gulf

Bedload sediment transport was estimated by the SEDTRANS96 model based on three-day hydrodynamics data obtained off the Dongfang coast in the Beibu Gulf during Typhoon Ketsana in September 2009. Bedforms on the sea floor off the Dongfang coast and internal structures of a typical dune were interpreted to evaluate storm influences on individual dunes and the dune field. Results indicated that flow forcings and related bedload transport were both strengthened significantly due to Typhoon Ketsana. The measurements and modeling results, which mainly included three different stages, presented noticeable phasic variation. The three stages were dominated by tidal current (Period Ⅰ), tidal current combined with wind-induced waves (Period Ⅱ), and swells combined with tidal current and seaward flows (Period Ⅲ). This phasic variation could be a common trait of hydrodynamics due to typhoons moving westwardly to the south of Hainan Island and Beibu Gulf in South China Sea. Results indicated that the maximum bedload transport rate for every burst in Period Ⅲ was almost 100 times larger than that in Period I and was ten times larger than that in Period II. However, the short-term increase in bedload transport induced by storms like Ketsana did not change the long-term evolution of dune morphology. Evidence was given by the internal structures of a typical dune, which revealed renewed modification under subsequent moderate conditions after storm erosion. Instead, storms may influence at different scales and regional allocation of sand dunes in some large areas because changes of the sea floor in large scales can hardly be recovered. More surveys during and after storm passage are also needed to document the level of positive contribution to forward migration.