南海海岛自动气象站防护应用技术探索

立足海南及南海的自然条件,结合海岛自动气象站在南海高温、高湿、高盐雾、强辐射、强风等恶劣气候环境下使用情况,通过对历年来海岛自动气象站故障及失效模式的统计和分析,总结分析故障原因。根据设备维护人员多年气象设备保障工作积累总结的经验,从海岛自动气象站结构和防护要求出发,集成应用市场上优质材料、先进工艺和多种成熟、关键设备防护技术,形成一些气象设备防护的有效方法措施,以提高海岛自动气象站对海洋环境的适应性和性能,延长设备使用寿命。     

延安地区大气中PM_(10)浓度水平及其变化特征

利用延安地区2006—2008年大气中可吸入颗粒物PM10的监测资料,分析了PM10的浓度水平、变化规律及其影响因素。延安地区PM10的年平均浓度为153μg/m3,超过国家环境空气质量标准年平均值2级浓度限值70μg/m3的1倍多,这与当地高的PM10区域背景水平(平均值为109μg/m3)紧密相关。PM10质量浓度水平具有明显的季节性,春季最高,冬秋其次,夏季最低。PM10日均值浓度超过国家环境空气质量2级标准的日数占全年的40%,其中春季达66%。PM10质量浓度日变化呈明显的双峰双谷型特征,与风速的日变化有明显的反相关关系。1mm降水量对PM10的湿清除能力按冬、春、秋、夏依次递减。延安地区出现西风或偏西风时PM10平均质量浓度高,但就累积影响而言,处于主导风向上的西南风要比其他方向高40~50μg/m3左右。     

华北和北京的酷暑天气 Ⅱ. 模拟实验和机理分析

利用Ｐｅｎｎ／ＮＣＡＲ 的ＭＭ５ 中尺度模式对１９９９ 年６ 、７ 月华北的两段高温过程进行了模拟研究, 并利用模拟输出量对高温形成的机理进行了一些探讨。结果表明, 在利用了Ｎｕｄｇｉｎｇ 同化以后, 中尺度模式能对整个过程作较长时间的模拟, 对高压的移动过程、强度和维持能较好的复制出来。分析结果表明, 大陆副热带高压中的下沉增温和辐射增温是造成此高温酷暑天气的主要原因。     

1950—2015年我国铁路气象及其衍生灾害特征分析

利用1964-2015年气象观测资料对河北廊坊冰雹天气的时空分布特征进行分析,并利用MICAPS资料、北京探空资料及多普勒雷达资料研究了廊坊冰雹日的天气形势、物理量特性及雷达回波特征。结果表明：廊坊冰雹日数整体呈下降趋势,20世纪80年代末至90年代初降雹达到高峰期。冰雹天气主要发生在1519时,多持续1～5 min。廊坊冰雹有明显的地域特征,西北部较多。降雹日500 hPa环流形势有4类,并对应3种地面形势。对预报冰雹天气有指导意义的物理量参数阈值为：冰雹开始前对流层中下层存在逆温层或等温层;对流参数SI指数或LI指数<0,中低层假相当位温随高度减小;0 ℃层高度多为3050～4702 gpm,-20 ℃层高度多为5996～8332 gpm,850 hPa与500 hPa温差为27～32 ℃,低层有大的垂直风切变,近地面925 hPa垂直风切变为5.5～15.0 m·s-1·km-1。此外,廊坊冰雹云回波有块状单体和飑线两种结构,回波中心强度普遍大于60 dBz,垂直结构上均有悬垂回波,速度场为逆风区或旋转速度>12 m·s-1的弱切变,VIL普遍大于35 kg·m-2,ET普遍大于11 km。     

城市公共自行车自愿碳减排机制初探——以北京市为例

公共自行车系统是待开发的交通自愿碳减排项目。本文采用CCER方法学中的“快速公交项目”,计算北京市2012年公共自行车系统自愿碳减排量,并估算收益。结果显示：北京市2012年公共自行车自愿碳减排量为43.95 t CO₂,出售可获得1538元的收益。同时估算得到北京市2015年公共自行车碳减排量为6874.5 t CO₂,出售可获得约24万的收益。因此,北京等交通需求膨胀的特大型城市,随着公共自行车系统的持续壮大发展,公共自行车运营企业的经济效益有望通过碳交易实现较大提升空间。     

Identifying primary public transit corridors using multi-source big transit data

ABSTRACT

Effective public transit planning needs to address realistic travel demands, which can be illustrated by corridors across major residential areas and activity centers. It is vital to identify public transit corridors that contain the most significant transit travel demand patterns. We propose a two-stage approach to discover primary public transit corridors at high spatio-temporal resolutions using massive real-world smart card and bus trajectory data, which manifest rich transit demand patterns over space and time. The first stage was to reconstruct chained trips for individual passengers using multi-source massive public transit data. In the second stage, a shared-flow clustering algorithm was developed to identify public transit corridors based on reconstructed individual transit trips. The proposed approach was evaluated using transit data collected in Shenzhen, China. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed approach is a practical tool for extracting time-varying corridors for many potential applications, such as transit planning and management.     

Quantifying the impacts of climate change and land use on hydrological processes: A comparison between mountain and lowland agricultural watersheds

Mountain and lowland watersheds are two distinct geographical units with considerably different hydrological processes. Understanding their hydrological processes in the context of future climate change and land use scenarios is important for water resource management. This study investigated hydrological processes and their driving factors and eco-hydrological impacts for these two geographical units in the Xitiaoxi watershed, East China, and quantified their differences through hydrological modelling. Hydrological processes in 24 mountain watersheds and 143 lowland watersheds were simulated based on a raster-based Xin'anjiang model and a Nitrogen Dynamic Polder (NDP) model, respectively. These two models were calibrated and validated with an acceptable performance (Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficients of 0.81 and 0.50, respectively) for simulating discharge for mountain watersheds and water level for lowland watersheds. Then, an Indicators of Hydrological Alteration (IHA) model was used to help quantify the alterations to the hydrological process and their resulting eco-hydrological impacts. Based on the validated models, scenario analysis was conducted to evaluate the impacts of climate and land use changes on the hydrological processes. The simulation results revealed that (a) climate change would cause a larger increase in annual runoff than that under land use scenario in the mountain watersheds, with variations of 19.9 and 10.5% for the 2050s, respectively. (b) Land use change was more responsible for the streamflow increment than climate change in the lowland watersheds, causing an annual runoff to increase by 27.4 and 16.2% for the 2050s, respectively. (c) Land use can enhance the response of streamflow to the climatic variation. (d) The above-mentioned hydrological variations were notable in flood and dry season in the mountain watersheds, and they were significant in rice season in the lowland watersheds. (e) Their resulting degradation of ecological diversity was more susceptible to future climate change in the two watersheds. This study demonstrated that mountain and lowland watersheds showed distinct differences in hydrological processes and their responses to climate and land use changes.     

Field test research on post-grouting effect for super-long cast-in-place bored pile in thick soft foundation

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - The field static load test method was adopted for two test piles in a project in Zhejiang area of China, analyze the effect of post-grouting technique on...     

Mechanical behavior and micro-structure of cement kiln dust-stabilized expensive soil

In this study, the effects of cement kiln dust (CKD) on the swelling properties, strength properties, and microstructures of CKD-stabilized expansive soil were investigated. Samples were prepared and stabilized with different CKD content ratios, ranging from 0 to 18% by dry mass. The results obtained show that the maximum swelling pressures decrease exponentially with increases in CKD content. Both the cohesion and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) increase at ratios below 10% CKD and then decrease slightly, above that ratio. CKD can also improve the strength of saturated, expansive soil. There is no visible change of UCS for soil without CKD when cured, while the UCS of a sample with 10% CKD content after curing for 90 days is higher than that after curing for only 1 day. This indicates that CKD can improve the long-term strength of expansive soil. Finally, microstructure analysis reveals that the addition of CKD reduces the montmorillonite content of expansive soil and decreases its swelling properties. The addition of CKD also changes the pore volume distribution, both the size and amount of macro-pores and micro-pores decrease with increase in CKD content. For saturated samples, the size of macro-pores is obviously reduced, while that of micro-pores is slightly increased for both treated and untreated soils. Hydration and saturation processes make the soil structure become dispersive which results in a lower strength, and adding CKD can restrain this process. The suggested optimal CKD content is between 10 and 14% and with a curing time of more than 27 days.     

Residual-state creep of clastic soil in a reactivated slow-moving landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region,China

We study the creep properties of clastic soil in residual state. The intact samples are taken from a reactivated slow-moving landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, China. Firstly, the patterns of the landslide movement are analysed based on recent monitoring data, which indicate that the soil within the shear zone is undergoing two deformation processes: a creep phase, characterised by different creep rates, and a dormant phase. We then study the creep behaviour of the soil samples through a series of ring shear creep tests under various shear stress conditions. The creep response depends strongly on the ratio of the shear stress to the residual strength, and the normal effective stress, whereas the creep rate decreases due to strength regain. The long-term strength of the clastic soil is close to the residual strength. Therefore, the residual strength obtained from conventional shear test, which is less time consuming than creep test, can be used in long-term stability analyses of creeping landslides.