虚拟仿真技术在测绘工程实践教学中的应用

实践教学是测绘工程本科教学中不可缺少的关键环节,文中结合当前测绘专业实践教学需求及其存在的不足,构建多种实验组合的虚拟仿真实践教学平台,实现网上演示教学、训练、实践指导和考核反馈等功能,形成"产-学-研"合一的实践教学体系.该平台便于学生课外自主学习,丰富实践教学的项目,实现精细化教学质量控制,发展学生的创新思维和综合应用能力,可供其他对仪器操作技能要求较高的类似课程或专业开展网络教学和构建实践教学平台借鉴.     

黄山不同高度雨滴谱的演变特征

选取2011年6月黄山地区一次降水过程,利用测得的雨滴谱资料对不同高度上降水微物理量及雨滴谱分布特征进行分析,并讨论其中的差异。结果表明:此次降水较强,各直径微物理量在山腰最大、山底次之、山顶最小;山腰的雨强最大,而山顶数浓度最大。在雨滴谱分布中,小于1mm的雨滴数密度是山顶大于山腰大于山底,这与小雨滴的蒸发和碰并有关;大于1.5 mm的雨滴数密度则是山腰大于山顶和山底,这可能与地形抬升使得云系加强有关。由各微物理量的时间序列可将降水过程分为两个阶段,第一阶段各微物理量值明显大于第二阶段,其中第一阶段的降水量约为第二阶段的3倍。雨强与雷达反射率、数浓度、最大直径近似成幂函数关系,其中雨强与雷达反射率相关性最好。     

苏北超高压变质带榴辉岩的对比性研究及成矿作用

苏北超高压变质带是秦岭—大别造山带的东延部分,所产出的榴辉岩有三种类型,分别为产于片麻岩中的G类榴辉岩、产于大理岩中的M类榴辉岩和产于蛇纹岩中P类榴辉岩。地球化学研究表明,三类榴辉岩的原岩复杂多样,源岩为下地壳或上地幔的基性-超基性岩,兼具大陆和大洋玄武岩的特征,富含TiO2等有用组分,是金红石矿床的成矿母岩。金红石矿床的形成是华北、扬子两大板块俯冲碰撞的结果,金红石成矿作用的强弱与岩性、构造、变质变形作用等密切相关。榴辉岩中含有金红石、钛铁矿、磷灰石、石榴子石、绿辉石等多种有用矿物,具有较高的综合利用价值。     

Assessment of the risk of rockfalls in Wu Gorge, Three Gorges, China

In 2007 and 2008, six big damaging rockfalls occurred at four sites in Wu Gorge, the second gorge of the Three Gorges, China. Detailed surveys and aerial-photographic interpretation identified 104 potentially dangerous rock masses. This paper reviews previous rock-mass risk ratings, examines dangerous rock-mass structure and presents a new assessment system for rockfall risk (ASRFR) in the Wu Gorge area. The ASRFR considers 15 factors: seven factors for hazard and eight factors for consequence. Relative importance weights for these factors are ascertained using an analytic hierarchy process. Using an equation to calculate the risk, the 104 dangerous rock masses were divided into three risk groups: high risk (33 sites), medium risk (33 sites) and low risk (38 sites). The ASRFR analysis can be used to divide the shipping route through the Wu Gorge into seven courses each of one of three classes: safe-route regions, yellow-alarm regions and red-alarm regions. The system provides geological information and a rockfall-risk management tool for local government and the shipment-route department.     

基于半数值方法的限弯器剪弯刚度分析

柔性管缆限弯器存在接触非线性导致剪弯刚度分析困难。为此先基于悬臂梁方程建立剪弯刚度理论模型;然后构建考虑接触边界的锁合结构数值模型,得到其扭转刚度曲线;最后结合理论分析和数值计算求得考虑接触非线性的限弯器剪弯刚度曲线,并同传统的整体数值方法相比较,验证该半数值分析方法的有效性。对比发现基于半数值方法的限弯器剪弯计算效率远高于传统数值方法,其结果误差也满足工程需求;并且限弯器锁合结构处受接触边界影响有明显的非线性;限弯器子梁这一短梁结构基于Timoshenko梁理论计算的结果精度更高也更保守。相较于传统数值方法,该半数值方法用方程直接表达部分参数与剪弯刚度关系,并可以高效地分析限弯器剪弯刚度,使设计工作更加高效。     

Effects of different operational modes on the flood‐induced turbidity current of a canyon‐shaped reservoir: case study on Liuxihe Reservoir,South China

Suspended matter is an important indicator of water quality in freshwater systems. The flood‐induced turbidity current plays a dominant role in the seasonal dynamic of suspended matter in the Liuxihe Reservoir (23°45′50″N; 113°46′52″E), a large, stratified reservoir at the Tropic of Cancer in southern China. Field measurements show that loading and distribution of suspended matter in the reservoir differ in typical wet, dry and medium years, as a result of different discharge volumes and water level variation patterns. Using historical data and the practical demand for water supply and flood control, we generalized two feasible reservoir operational modes: flood impounding mode (drawing down the reservoir to a low level before flood events to impound inflow during the flooding season) and moderate level change mode (drawing down the reservoir to a moderate level before flood events, then keeping the level within the flood control level during runoff events). To examine the effects of different operational modes and outlet depths on the reservoir's flood‐induced turbidity current, a numerical simulation model was applied in three types of hydrological conditions. The results show that the mode with moderate drawdown and recharge processes can decrease loading of suspended matter in spring and promote turbidity current release during flood events, and upper withdrawal can improve the effects of turbid water release. We suggest that more attention should be focused on water quality management in the reservoir operation stage, severe artificial water level fluctuation being avoided and selective withdrawal becoming an optional management measure. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于ArcGIS Engine的城市基础地理信息数据库系统开发研究

城市1∶500基础地理信息数据具有数据量大、要素复杂、应用服务面广的特点,因而城市1∶500数据库系统的建设面临着空间数据库的选择和设计、空间数据的组织和表现以及不同平台用户共享访问的难点问题。本文利用Oracle Spatial数据库技术实现了海量数据的存储和管理,研究了空间数据在Oracle数据库中的互操作以及空间数据的符号化表示问题,解决了跨平台用户的共享访问问题,介绍了基于ArcGIS Engine的城市基础地理信息数据库系统的研发应用,阐述了系统的体系结构和系统的基本功能,并简要介绍了ArcGIS Engine技术及其在系统中的应用。     

中深层套管式换热器可持续供热性能及优化设计研究

中深层套管式换热器的热提取具有“取热不取水”的特点,是我国北方地区稳妥推进中深层地热能供暖的重要技术之一。针对当前中深层套管式换热器在长期热提取期间供热性能不明的问题,本文基于可持续供热的运行特点,建立数值换热模型分析换热器水温、性能系数随运行年份的变化规律,并针对性地开展设计优化研究。结果表明:在可持续供热过程中,换热器水温在前5年的下降程度较为明显,运行至20年以后,基本不发生变化。换热器季节性能系数的下降程度受岩土体导热系数的影响较大,在1.5 W/(m·K)条件下的SPF₁、SPF₂分别下降11.50%和10.56%,在3.0 W/(m·K)条件下的SPF₁、SPF₂则分别下降4.73%和4.23%。岩土体导热系数越小,换热器供热性能的下降程度越明显。基于可持续供热性能的变化规律,提出以“准稳态特征年”的供热性能为基准进行设计,并综合考虑运行要求与节能性要求优化换热器的运行条件,明确了在不同地热特征参数、埋管深度下的最优运行流速与最佳供热负荷的分布情况,对中深层套管式换热器的高效可持续供热设...