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971.
972.
An analytical model is presented for the analysis of constant flux tests conducted in a phreatic aquifer having a partially penetrating well with a finite thickness skin. The solution is derived in the Laplace transform domain for the drawdown in the pumping well, skin and formation regions. The time-domain solution in terms of the aquifer drawdown is then obtained from the numerical inversion of the Laplace transform and presented as dimensionless drawdown–time curves. The derived solution is used to investigate the effects of the hydraulic conductivity contrast between the skin and formation, in addition to wellbore storage, skin thickness, delayed yield, partial penetration and distance to the observation well. The results of the developed solution were compared with those from an existing solution for the case of an infinitesimally thin skin. The latter solution can never approximate that for the developed finite skin. Dimensionless drawdown–time curves were compared with the other published results for a confined aquifer. Positive skin effects are reflected in the early time and disappear in the intermediate and late time aquifer responses. But in the case of negative skin this is reversed and the negative skin also tends to disguise the wellbore storage effect. A thick negative skin lowers the overall drawdown in the aquifer and leads to more persistent delayed drainage. Partial penetration increases the drawdown in the case of a positive skin; however its effect is masked by the negative skin. The influence of a negative skin is pronounced over a broad range of radial distances. At distant observation points the influence of a positive skin is too small to be reflected in early and intermediate time pumping test data and consequently the type curve takes its asymptotic form. 相似文献
973.
C.T. Russell 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》1979,20(2-4):237-246
The magnetic field measurements of the Mars 2, 3 and 5 spacecraft have been interpreted by Dolginov and co-workers to be consistent with an intrinsic planetary magnetic moment of 2.5 × 1022 gauss cm3. They base this interpretation mainly on the apparent size of the obstacle responsible for deflecting the solar wind, the lack of dependence of the sign of the magnetic field in the wake region of the planet on the sign of the component of the interplanetary field radially out from the sun, and an apparent encounter of the Mars spacecraft with the planetary field. When examined in detail this evidence is very suspect. A detailed criticism of the arguments by Dolginov and co-workers for an intrinsic field has appeared elsewhere. Herein we summarize this criticism and present, in an appendix, a compendium of the Mars 3 and 5 magnetic field data transformed into a coordinate system in which the details of the interaction are more easily visualized. Many of these data have not been published in this form previously. 相似文献
974.
Yair Rinat Ari Matmon Maurice Arnold Georges Aumaître Didier Bourlès Karim Keddadouche Naomi Porat Efrat Morin Robert C. Finkel 《Quaternary Research》2014
Rockfall ages in tectonically active regions provide information regarding frequency and magnitude of earthquakes. In the hyper-arid environment of the Dead Sea fault (DSF), southern Israel, rockfalls are most probably triggered by earthquakes. We dated rockfalls along the western margin of the DSF using terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides (TCN). At each rockfall site, samples were collected from simultaneously exposed conjugate boulders and cliff surfaces. Such conjugate samples initially had identical pre-fall (“inherited”) TCN concentrations. After boulder detachment, these surfaces were dosed by different production rates due to differences in post-fall shielding and geometry. However, in our study area, pre-rockfall inheritance and post-rockfall production rates of TCN cannot be evaluated. Therefore, we developed a numerical approach and demonstrated a way to overcome the above-mentioned problems. This approach can be applied in other settings where rockfalls cannot be dated by simple exposure dating. Results suggest rockfall ages between 3.6 ± 0.8 and 4.7 ± 0.7 ka. OSL ages of sediment accumulated behind the boulders range between 0.6 ± 0.1 and 3.4 ± 1.4 ka and support the TCN results. Our ages agree with dated earthquakes determined in paleoseismic studies along the entire length of the DSF and support the observation of intensive earthquake activity around 4–5 ka. 相似文献
975.
Knowledge about the condition of vegetation cover and composition is critical for assessing the structure and function of ecosystems. To effectively quantify the impacts of a rapidly changing environment, methods to track long-term trends of vegetation must be precise, repeatable, and time- and cost-efficient. Measuring vegetation cover and composition in arid and semiarid regions is especially challenging because vegetation is typically sparse, discontinuous, and individual plants are widely spaced. To meet the goal of long-term vegetation monitoring in the Sonoran Desert and other arid and semiarid regions, we determined how estimates of plant species, total vegetation, and soil cover obtained using a widely-implemented monitoring protocol compared to a more time- and resource-intensive plant census. We also assessed how well this protocol tracked changes in cover through 82 years compared to the plant census. Results from the monitoring protocol were comparable to those from the plant census, despite low and variable plant species cover. Importantly, this monitoring protocol could be used as a rapid, “off-the shelf” tool for assessing land degradation (or desertification) in arid and semiarid ecosystems. 相似文献
976.
977.
D. A. Gryaznykh 《Astronomy Letters》2013,39(9):586-601
We develop and study a general model describing ignition and propagation of burning. It is applied to explosive thermonuclear burning in surface layers of neutron stars. For this purpose an one-zone model of a thin surface layer is developed. We study thermonuclear burning ignition and propagation along the layer with its help. 相似文献
978.
Summary At the Climate and Water Balance Station of the Danish Hydrotechnical Laboratory near Copenhagen incoming radiation has been recorded continuously since 1954 by means of Moll thermopiles in Kipp & Zonen solarimeters and further, since 1955, reflected radiation, too. Since 1956 also net radiation and net long-wave radiation has been recorded by means of thermopiles in heat flow transducers from Beckman & Whitley used as radiometers.Mean daily values are given for incoming radiation as well as monthly mean values for reflected radiation, net long-wave radiation and net radiation. Recorded and calculated values of net long-wave radiation are given and discussed.
With 5 Figures 相似文献
Zusammenfassung An der Klima- und Wasserhaushaltsstation des Dänischen Hydrotechnischen Laboratoriums bei Kopenhagen wurde seit 1954 dauernd die Einstrahlung mittels Moll-Thermosäulen in Kipp & Zonen-Solarimetern registriert und außerdem seit 1955 die Albedo. Seit 1956 wurden auch die Strahlungsbilanz und die effektive Ausstrahlung mittels Thermosäulen in Beckman & Whitley-Wärmestrommessern, die als Strahlungsmesser verwendet wurden, registriert.In einigen Tabellen werden tägliche Mittelwerte der Einstrahlung mitgeteilt wie auch Monatsmittelwerte der Reflexstrahlung, der effektiven Ausstrahlung und der Strahlungsbilanz. Ferner werden beobachtete und berechnete Werte der langwelligen Strahlungsbilanz angeführt und diskutiert.
Résumé On a effectué des enregistrements du rayonnement incident depuis 1954 et de l'albédo depuis 1955 à la Station d'économie climatologique et hydrologique du laboratoire danois d'hydrotechnique près de Copenhague. Le bilan radiatif fut également mesuré depuis 1956 ainsi que le rayonnement émis effectif.Les auteurs donnent ici des tableaux de valeurs journalières moyennes du rayonnement incident, des moyennes mensuelles de l'albédo, du rayonnement effectif et du bilan radiatif. Enfin des valeurs enregistrés et calculés du rayonnement effectif, sont présentés et discutés.
With 5 Figures 相似文献
979.
Y. B. Onundi M.Sc. A. A. Mamun Ph.D. M. F. Al Khatib Ph.D. Y. M. Ahmed M.Sc. 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2010,7(4):751-758
Granular activated carbon produced from palm kernel shell was used as adsorbent to remove copper, nickel and lead ions from a synthesized industrial wastewater.Laboratory experimental investigation was carried out to identify the effect of pH and contact time on adsorption of lead, copper and nickel from the mixed metals solution. Equilibrium adsorption experiments at ambient room temperature were carried out and fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich models. Results showed that pH 5 was the most suitable, while the maximum adsorbent capacity was at a dosage of 1 g/L, recording a sorption capacity of 1.337 mg/g for lead, 1.581 mg/g for copper and 0.130 mg/g for nickel. The percentage metal removal approached equilibrium within 30 min for lead, 75 min for copper and nickel, with lead recording 100 %, copper 97 % and nickel 55 % removal, having a trend of Pb2+ > Cu2+ > Ni2+. Langmuir model had higher R2 values of 0.977, 0.817 and 0.978 for copper, nickel and lead respectively, which fitted the equilibrium adsorption process more than Freundlich model for the three metals. 相似文献
980.
A. R. Rahmani A. H. Mahvi A. R. Mesdaghinia S. Nasseri 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2004,1(2):125-133
Ammonia nitrogen compounds in the wastewaters and effluents have harmful effects on water resources. Ion exchange with zeolites is a separation process for ammonia removal from effluents. The objective of this research was to study the efficiency of an ammonia removal and the factor affecting to this process. The Clinoptilolite was obtained from Semnan mines at the north part of Iran. The samples were grounded and sieved based on the U.S. standard mesh number 20, 30, 40 and conditioned by ammonia sulfate and sodium chloride solutions. The characteristics of samples for ammonia removal and the selectivity sequence for adsorbing interfering cations were then determined. Results shown that the average ion exchange capacity of zeolite in batch and continuous systems were 6.65–16 and 16.31–19.5 mg NH4 + /g zeolite weight, respectively. In study on the zeolite for selective cations showed the ranking of K+, NH4 +, Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ respectively. Results indicated that high level of regeneration (95–98%) might be achieved with NaCl solution. Based on the results, Clinoptilolite may be effective applied in wastewater treatment, both from technical and economical aspects. 相似文献