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171.
Fluvial sedimentation in a salt‐controlled mini‐basin: stratal patterns and facies assemblages,Sivas Basin,Turkey 下载免费PDF全文
Charlotte Ribes Charlie Kergaravat Cédric Bonnel Philippe Crumeyrolle Jean‐Paul Callot André Poisson Haluk Temiz Jean‐Claude Ringenbach 《Sedimentology》2015,62(6):1513-1545
The Sivas Basin, located on the Central Anatolian Plateau in Turkey, is an elongate Oligo‐Miocene basin that contains numerous salt‐walled mini‐basins. Through field analysis, including stratigraphic section logging, facies analysis and geological mapping, a detailed tectono‐stratigraphic study of the Emirhan mini‐basin and its 2·6 km thick sediment fill has been undertaken. Three main palaeoenvironments are recognized – playa‐lake, braided stream and lacustrine – each corresponds to a relatively long‐lived depositional episode within a system that was dominated overall by the development of a distributive fluvial system. At local scale, this affects the geometry of the succession and influences facies distributions within preserved sequences. Sequences affected by wedge geometries are characterized by localized channelized sandstone bodies in the area of maximum subsidence and these pass laterally to floodplain mudstone towards the diaper; several internal unconformities are recognized. By contrast, sequences affected by hook geometries display narrow and steep drape‐fold geometries with no evidence of lateral facies change and apparent conformity in the preserved succession. The sediment fill of the Emirhan mini‐basin records the remobilization of diapir‐derived detritus and the presence of evaporitic bodies interbedded within the mini‐basin, implying the growth of salt walls expressed at the surface as palaeo‐topographic highs. The mini‐basin also records the signature of a regional change in stratigraphic assemblage, passing from playa‐lake facies to large‐scale highly amalgamated fluvial facies that represent progradation of the fluvial system. The initiation and evolution of this mini‐basin involves a variety of local and regional controls. Local factors include: (i) salt withdrawal, which influenced the rate and style of subsidence and consequently temporal and spatial variation in the stratigraphic assemblage and the stratal response related to halokinesis; and (ii) salt inflation, which influenced the topographic expression of the diapirs and consequently the occurrence of diapir‐derived detritus intercalated within the otherwise clastic‐dominated succession. 相似文献
172.
Xavier Le Pichon Caner İmren Claude Rangin A. M. Celâl Şengör Muzaffer Siyako 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2014,103(1):219-231
We use about 800 km of multichannel exploration seismic reflection profiles of the seventies as well as the results of three drill holes that penetrated the sedimentary cover down to the Upper Cretaceous basement to describe a continuous gently curvilinear, south-concave zone of deformation about 10 km wide that extended over the whole southern shelf of the Sea of Marmara from the Gulf of Gemlik to the Dardanelles Straits in Lower Pliocene time, about 4 Ma. We call this zone of deformation the South Marmara Fault (SMF) system and propose that the SMF was then a branch of the dextral North Anatolian Fault. This branch passed to the north of the Marmara Island Eocene block and thus had a south-facing concavity. This curvature resulted in a significant component of shortening in the western part of the fault. The SMF was deactivated at the end of Lower Pliocene, about 3.5 Ma, except for its easternmost branch between the Gulf of Gemlik and ?mral? Island where about 5 mm/year of dextral motion is still occurring today. 相似文献
173.
Solving Speed and Memory Issues in Multiple-Point Statistics Simulation Program SNESIM 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
In the last 10 years, Multiple-Point Statistics (MPS) modeling has emerged in Geostatistics as a valuable alternative to traditional variogram-based and object-based modeling. In contrast to variogram-based simulation, which is limited to two-point correlation reproduction, MPS simulation extracts and reproduces multiple-point statistics moments from training images; this allows modeling geologically realistic features, such as channels that control reservoir connectivity and flow behavior. In addition, MPS simulation works on individual pixels or small groups of pixels (patterns), thus does not suffer from the same data conditioning limitations as object-based simulation. The Single Normal Equation Simulation program SNESIM was the first implementation of MPS simulation to propose, through the introduction of search trees, an efficient solution to the extraction and storage of multiple-point statistics moments from training images. SNESIM is able to simulate three-dimensional models; however, memory and speed issues can occur when applying it to multimillion cell grids. Several other implementations of MPS simulation were proposed after SNESIM, but most of them manage to reduce memory demand or simulation time only at the expense of data conditioning exactitude and/or training pattern reproduction quality. In this paper, the original SNESIM program is revisited, and solutions are presented to eliminate both memory demand and simulation time limitations. First, we demonstrate that the time needed to simulate a grid node is a direct function of the number of uninformed locations in the conditioning data search neighborhood. Thus, two improvements are proposed to maximize the ratio of informed to uniformed locations in search neighborhoods: a new multiple-grid approach introducing additional intermediary subgrids; and a new search neighborhood designing process to preferentially include previously simulated node locations. Finally, because SNESIM memory demand and simulation time increase with the size of the data template used to extract multiple-point statistics moments from the training image and build the search tree, a simple method is described to minimize data template sizes while preserving training pattern reproduction quality. 相似文献
174.
Alexandre Mussi Patrick Cordier Sylvie Demouchy Claude Vanmansart 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2014,41(7):537-545
A San Carlos olivine polycrystal has been deformed under uppermost mantle conditions, by compression at 900 °C, at a strain rate of 1.1 × 10?5 s?1, under a confining pressure of 300 MPa, using the Paterson press. Transmission electron tomography of dislocations has been performed by scanning transmission electron microscopy, by conventional transmission electron microscopy using the weak-beam dark-field technique, associated with precession or not, in order to determine the glide planes of [001] screw dislocations. This recent technique is the most suitable one since most [001] dislocations exhibit straight screw segments due to the high lattice friction on this character at low temperature. We find that [001] dislocations glide in (100), (010) and {110} as already reported, but also more unexpectedly in {120} and {130}. We show that at 900 °C, [001] {110} glide is dominant in polycrystals. We have, however, noted and characterized numerous cross-slip events in the specimen. 相似文献
175.
The standard procedure in Quebec, Canada, for evaluating the failure of an embankment dam, per the Loi sur la sécurité des barrages, specifies a 30-min-long failure scenario with a breach width equal to four times the maximal height of the dam. We demonstrate a new method for evaluating the flood overtopping failure scenario for embankment dams with concrete upstream slope protection, using Toulnustouc dam for example computations. Our new methodology computes safety factors for a range of potential failure mechanisms taking into account geotechnical, hydraulic, and structural factors. We compile the results of our investigations of the various dam failure mechanisms and compare the corresponding dam failure hydrographs to the current hydrograph specified in the standard analysis procedures. Our investigations tend to invalidate the current standard procedures for evaluating the failure of rock-fill dams with concrete upstream faces, by indicating that the current standard procedures underestimate the peak failure discharge and overestimate the time to the peak discharge. 相似文献
176.
177.
RésuméLa synthèse des données structurales, pétrologiques, géochimiques et radiochronologiques permet d’avoir une vision nouvelle du Léon et de proposer un modèle d’évolution géodynamique dans cette région. Cette évolution, entièrement paléozoïque, débute par la mise en place de granitoïdes d’affinité calco-alcaline (orthogneiss de Brest), témoins probables d’une subduction ordovicienne corroborée par la présence de reliques d’un métamorphisme HP-HT (éclogites de Lesne-ven). Toutes les séries lithologiques seront ensuite soumises à une déformation tangentielle associée à un métamorphisme de type intermédiaire pouvant aller localement jusqu’à l’anatexie. Cet événement tec-tono-métamorphique correspond à une collision continentale dvonienne qui achève la période de convergence précédente. La suite de 1 évolution au cours du Carbonifère est intracontinentale. Elle est marquée par une succession d’événements plutono-tectoniques : mise en place vers 340 Ma de granitoîdes crustaux (St Renan-Kersaint) associés au cisaillement dextre nord-armoricain; mise en place vers 300 Ma d’ un ensemble granitique d’origine plus profonde (Aber - Mut) immédiatement suivi par des venues crustales (Ploudalmézeau-Kernil.s) associée au fonctionnement d’une nouvelle zone de cisaillement (zone senestre de Porspoder-Guisseny); mise en place enfin, vers 290 Ma, d’un dernier complexe granitique crustal (Brignogan-Plouescat) terminant avec les mierogranites du Bas-Léon l’évolution hercynienne de cetteLa période antécarbonifère de l’évolution du Léon pose un problème lié à sa position géographique actuelle dans le prolongement du Domaine cadomien nord-armoricain peu affecté par les événements varisques. En réalité le Léon par sa structure et son histoire précoce (éohercynienne) possède plus d’affinités avec le Domaine sud-armoncain. L hypothèse d’une probable origine exotique du Léon est discutée. 相似文献
178.
Influence of tectonics and neotectonics on the morphogenesis of the peak karst of Halong Bay,Vietnam
Pascal Fenart N. N. Cat Claude Drogue Doan Van Canh Sévenn Pistre 《Geodinamica Acta》2013,26(3-4):193-200
AbstractIn northeast Vietnam, the karst of Halong Bay is characterized by very active neotectonics. The directional distribution of fracturing of the calcareous rocks is characterized by the influence of two major fault zones: the Red River fault zone (N140) and the Tan-Lu fault zone (N050). Karst development was favoured by intense fracturing, according to these two major directions, and reactived during recent tectonics by a compressional regime with σ1 N070, followed by an extensional regimes with σ1 near to EW that led to significant vertical movement. These tectonics, coupled with intense erosion, led to genesis and evolution of the spectacular morphology of this peak karst. © Elsevier, Paris 相似文献
179.
Benjamin Bernard Silvana Hidalgo Claude Robin Bernardo Beate Jenny Quijozaca 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2014,76(9):1-20
Based on geochronological, petrological, stratigraphical, and sedimentological data, this paper describes the deposits left by the most powerful Holocene eruption of Chachimbiro compound volcano, in the northern part of Ecuador. The eruption, dated between 3640 and 3510 years BC, extruded a ~650-m-wide and ~225-m-high rhyodacite dome, located 6.3 km east of the central vent, that exploded and produced a large pyroclastic density current (PDC) directed to the southeast followed by a sub-Plinian eruptive column drifted by the wind to the west. The PDC deposit comprises two main layers. The lower layer (L1) is massive, typically coarse-grained and fines-depleted, with abundant dense juvenile fragments from the outgassed dome crust. The upper layer (L2) consists of stratified coarse ash and lapilli laminae, with juvenile clasts showing a wide density range (0.7–2.6 g cm?3). The thickness of the whole deposit ranges from few decimeters on the hills to several meters in the valleys. Deposits extending across six valleys perpendicular to the flow direction allowed us to determine a minimum velocity of 120 m s?1. These characteristics show striking similarities with deposits of high-energy turbulent stratified currents and in particular directed blasts. The explosion destroyed most of the dome built during the eruption. Subsequently, the sub-Plinian phase left a decimeter-thick accidental-fragment-rich pumice layer in the Chachimbiro highlands. Juvenile clasts, rhyodacitic in composition (SiO2?=?68.3 wt%), represent the most differentiated magma of Chachimbiro volcano. Magma processes occurred at two different depths (~14.4 and 8.0 km). The hot (~936 °C) deep reservoir fed the central vent while the shallow reservoir (~858 °C) had an independent evolution, probably controlled by El Angel regional fault system. Such destructive eruptions, related to peripheral domes, are of critical importance for hazard assessment in large silicic volcanic complexes such as those forming the Frontal Volcanic Arc of Ecuador and Colombia. 相似文献
180.
Soil erosion induces soil redistribution within the landscape and thus contributes to the spatial variability of soil quality. This study complements a previous experimentation initiated by the authors focusing on soil redistribution as a result of soil erosion, as indicated by caesium‐137 (137Cs) measurements, in a small agricultural field in Canada. The spatial variability of soil organic matter (SOM) was characterized using geostatistics, which consider the randomized and structured nature of spatial variables and the spatial distribution of the samples. The spatial correlation of SOM (in percentages) patterns in the topsoil was established taking into account the spatial structure present in the data. A significant autocorrelation and reliable variograms were found with a R2 ≥ 0·9, thus demonstrating a strong spatial dependence. Ordinary Kriging (OK) interpolation provided the best cross validation (r2 = 0·35). OK and inverse distance weighting power two (IDW2) interpolation approaches produced similar estimates of the total SOM content of the topsoil (0–20 cm) of the experimental field, i.e. 211 and 213 tonnes, respectively. However, the two approaches produced differences in the spatial distribution patterns and the relative magnitude of some SOM content classes. The spatialization of SOM and soil redistribution variability – as evidenced by 137Cs measurements – is a first step towards the assessment of the impact of soil erosion on SOM losses to recommend conservation measures. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献