Overview on China’s Rare Earth Industry Restructuring and Regulation Reforms

Rare earth elements (REEs) that are key to new technologies and green innovations are critical to life in modern societies. China continues to dominate the global REEs market despite several international trade disputes and market fluctuations. Pressured by an increasingly difficult situation, the Chinese government has been carrying out industry restructuring and has introduced regulatory reforms in recent years to promote the healthy development of the rare earth industry. This paper reviews the literature on the development of the rare earth industry and analyzes the reform policies, combining this with an analysis of relevant macroeconomic data. It discusses the current status of China's rare earth industry, the progress of industrial restructuring and the main problems the rare earth industry faces. The paper discusses the evolution of rare earth policies from that of "open production and open supply" to that of "limiting low quality development but encouraging export of high quality rare earths" and then to "integrating rare earth resources trade". Six key policies, including those for export quotas, export duties, environmental laws, resource utilization technology, industry consolidation and stockpiling, are discussed in detail. Policy suggestions based on this discussion are put forward concerning the treatment of small rare earth mines in China: firstly, robust efforts to prevent illegal mining must always be maintained; secondly, it is certain that the formation of large-scale conglomerates should be accelerated in the near future; thirdly, the management of key sections should be reinforced; fourthly, support for technological innovation and the development of the applications industry should continue; fifthly, specific rare earths laws and regulations should be greatly improved. The paper also puts forward some suggestions on revisions to improve mineral resources law: firstly, China must increase the market access threshold and suppress low-end excess production capacity; secondly, the new environmental protection verification must be developed for all rare earth enterprises; thirdly, minimum required indicators for the development and utilization of rare earths resources must be implemented in China. These recommendations can serve as a reference for efforts to promote the sustainable development of China's rare earth industry.     

Evolution of pore fluid of low porosity and permeability reservoir in Qinnan Sag:a case study of 29-2 structure in Qinhuangdao area

The southeast depression of Qinnan Sag is a potential oil-gas exploration region in the Bohai Sea area.With the analysis of large quantity of rock thin sections, scanning electron microscope and the physical property data of reservoir, the authors studied the petrological characteristics and the evolution of pore and fluid of sandstone in the deeper strata in 29-2 structure in Qinhuangdao area.The results show that the evolutionary tendency of Paleogene sandstone reservoir porous fluid in research area is changed from alkaline porous fluid to acidic porous fluid, and back to alkaline porous fluid.There are three stages of reservoir porous evolution in Qinhuangdao area, namely sharp decrease in porosity due to mechanical compaction, increase in porosity because of corrosion and dissolution, and remarkable reduction owing to carbonate cementation.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地沙粒胶结体的粒度特征

对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地沙粒胶结体进行溶蚀分散获取组成沙粒,采用激光粒度仪分析粒度成分,并与区域内沙丘沙、垄间平地沙和风沙流输沙的粒度特征进行对比,分析沙粒胶结体的粒度特征。结果表明：（1）沙粒胶结体中沙粒粒径呈多峰态分布,垄间平地沙呈双峰态分布,而沙丘沙和风沙流输沙呈单峰态分布;（2）沙粒胶结体内沙粒分选性较差,偏度属正偏,平均粒径（3.17 Φ）介于沙丘沙（3.10 Φ）和垄间地沙（3.28 Φ）、风沙流输沙（3.67 Φ）之间;（3）沙粒胶结体中沙物质主要组分为细沙和极细沙,与沙丘沙、垄间平沙地沙一致,而与风沙流输沙（极细沙和粉沙）不一致。与沙丘沙、垄间平地沙以及风沙流输沙相比,沙粒胶结体中粉沙、黏土和中沙相对富集,是现代地表物质的混合物;（4）与沙丘沙、垄间平地沙和风沙流输沙相比,沙粒胶结体内沙粒的蠕移-跃移、跃移-悬移截点粒径均偏细,蠕移组分所占比重很高。从组成颗粒的粒度组成来看,沙粒胶结体的形成受局地沙源和风动力的共同影响,是特殊环境条件下现代地表过程的产物。     

西秦岭北缘武山地区上白垩统沙漠相沉积特征

西秦岭广泛但不连续分布着一套晚白垩世红层地层。这套红层地层所代表的原型沉积盆地是西秦岭中生代陆内造山期发育的相互孤立的山间盆地拟或是整体统一红层盆地新生代以来地壳隆升侵蚀破坏的残留一直存在争议。这个争议问题即关乎到对西秦岭中生代末期的构造地貌状态的认识,也关乎到现今青藏高原东北缘新生代以来地壳隆升初始地质背景。通过对西秦岭北缘武山地区上白垩统红层沉积地层中发育的一套砖红色砂岩的沉积序列、沉积构造、粒度分布等宏观地质特征的较详细研究,结合对这套砂岩的矿物成分和显微结构以及石英颗粒SEM表面结构特征的研究,表明这套砖红色砂岩具有如下特征:1）发育典型的大型风成交错层理;2）粒度均匀,分选好,以中-细砂、极细砂组分为主,缺乏粉砂-黏土颗粒组分;3）石英颗粒磨圆度好,表面发育碟形和新月形坑、溶蚀坑、硅质薄膜等风成砂颗粒具有的独特表面特征。据此提出这套砖红色砂岩是典型的沙漠相沉积的新认识,并根据沙漠相沉积类型的识别标志将其分为沙丘沉积和丘间沉积两种沉积类型。秦岭北缘武山地区晚白垩世沙漠相沉积的存在,结合西秦岭腹地同时代的哈达铺、岷县西江等地分布在山顶面的晚白垩世红层地层中存在类似的沙漠相沉积分析,提出了西秦岭晚白垩世不仅处于干旱炎热气候环境,而且曾呈现出地形相对平缓的泛盆地构造地貌状态。这套红层沉积反映了西秦岭晚白垩世为统一红层沉积盆地而非孤立的山间盆地,现今多不连续分布在山顶面之上是新生代以来地壳不均匀隆升和侵蚀共同作用的结果。     

Temporal changes in trace elements in brown soil and soybean after long-term fertilization

In agricultural production, specific elements in soil and plants are very important for the soil quality and plant productivity. Trace elements and rare earth elements enter in agri-environment by the application of fertilizers and, through anthropogenic activities, pose important health impacts even at low concentration due to non-biodegradable nature with long half-life. The micro nutrients are essential for human body in a quantity most of less than 100 mg/day. The nutritional element uptake by plants is regulated by availability of the required elements and element accumulation ability of the plants. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the accumulation of trace and rare earth elements after long-term application of different fertilizers in soil and soybean uptake. The inorganic fertilizers (NKP) and pig manure were applied to maize-maize-soybean rotation in Alfisols (brown) soil since 1979. Atomic emission spectrometry along with inductively coupled plasma technique was applied to determine trace and rare earth elements. The accumulation pattern of trace elements (TEs) observed in soil was Ni > Co > Se > Mo and rare earth elements (REEs) was found as La > Nd > Tb > Y > Pr > Gd > Er > Yb > Lu. In soybean stem, the TE and REE concentrations were Se > Ni > Co > Mo and Pr > Gd > Er > Yb > Tb > Nd > Lu > La > Y, respectively. Elemental concentrations in the seed samples were Ni > Se > Mo > Co and Pr > Gd > Er > Yb > Tb > Nd > Lu > Y > La. The seed of soybean accumulated Co, Mo, Ni, Gd, Pr, Er, Lu, and Tb more than the stem. Higher concentrations of Se, Nd, Y, and Yb were found in soil. These elements were higher in soybean stem followed by the seed. However, these elements are within safe toxic level and light pollution level.     

A comparative study on the landslide susceptibility mapping using logistic regression and statistical index models

The logistic regression and statistical index models are applied and verified for landslide susceptibility mapping in Daguan County, Yunnan Province, China, by means of the geographic information system (GIS). A detailed landslide inventory map was prepared by literatures, aerial photographs, and supported by field works. Fifteen landslide-conditioning factors were considered: slope angle, slope aspect, curvature, plan curvature, profile curvature, altitude, STI, SPI, and TWI were derived from digital elevation model; NDVI was extracted from Landsat ETM7; rainfall was obtained from local rainfall data; distance to faults, distance to roads, and distance to rivers were created from a 1:25,000 scale topographic map; the lithology was extracted from geological map. Using these factors, the landslide susceptibility maps were prepared by LR and SI models. The accuracy of the results was verified by using existing landslide locations. The statistical index model had a predictive rate of 81.02%, which is more accurate prediction in comparison with logistic regression model (80.29%). The models can be used to land-use planning in the study area.     

Profile of candidate microsatellite markers in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sebastiscus marmoratus</Emphasis> using 454 pyrosequencing

Sebastiscus marmoratus is an important sedentary ovoviparous fish distributed in near-shore coastal waters from the coast of China to Japan. Candidate S. marmoratus microsatellite markers were developed in the present study using 454 pyrosequencing, and the marker profile was analyzed. A total of 2 000 000 raw sequence reads were assembled to reduce redundancy. Among them, 1 043 dinucleotide, 925 trinucleotide, 692 tetranucleotide, and 315 pentanucleotide repeats were detected. AC repeats were the most frequent motifs among the dinucleotide repeats, and AAT was the most abundant among the trinucleotide repeats. AAAT, ATAG, and ATCC were the three most common tetranucleotide motifs, and AAGAT and AATAT were the most dominant pentanucleotide motifs. The greatest numbers of loci and potentially amplifiable loci were found in dinucleotide repeats, whereas trinucleotide repeats had the fewest. In summary, a wide range of candidate microsatellite markers were identified in the present study using a rapid and efficient 454 pyrosequencing approach.     

面向全空间的管道天然气贸易关联关系挖掘

本文基于全空间信息系统视角,运用复杂网络分析方法,从属性关联关系、时间关联关系、空间关联关系和综合关联关系角度对全球管道天然气贸易复杂网络中主要国家间关联关系进行了挖掘分析和可视化表达。结果表明：管道天然气贸易对战略通道具有路径依赖性和滞后性。贸易格局演化路径稳定,具有明显的“区域小世界”特征。区域资源禀赋差异是管道天然气贸易形成“核心-边缘”网络结构的主要原因。管道天然气贸易主要集中在欧亚大陆。2009年全球管道天然气贸易需求中心集中在欧洲各国,2015年则形成了西欧和中国的双需求核心网络关系。同时,论文基于全球管道天然气贸易复杂网络的挖掘分析和可视化表达,阐述了全空间信息系统的特征,展望了平台的应用。     

多粒度时空对象关联关系基本问题初探

多粒度时空对象关联关系描述现实世界客观实体之间存在的各种关系及其相互影响,是对实体间关联、作用关系的表达,按照其描述主体的不同主要分为时间关联关系、空间关联关系、属性关联关系和综合关联关系。本文从全空间信息系统的背景出发,对多粒度时空对象关联关系的基本概念进行了阐述,明确了其形式化表达方式和分类。在此基础上,对关联关系的构建和管理进行阐述和分析,说明了静态构建方式和动态构建方式的适用场景。关联关系通过约束作用和行为传导机制来维持数据世界的一致性和联动,本文最后对关联关系的约束类型及其定义和关系-行为传导机制进行了简要说明。     

不同电离层格网产品的精度分析

利用全球部分IGS站实测数据,精确提取测站天顶方向的总电子含量,以此作为评估基准,对国内外5家分析中心和2家综合中心（IGS,international GNSS service和iGMAS,international GNSS monitoring & assessment system）的全球电离层格网（global ionosphere maps,GIM）产品在全球范围内的符合精度进行评估。结果表明,不同机构不同类型的GIM产品精度在不同范围的符合精度略有不同。