Experiments on the reflection coefficients of a detached breakwater in a directional wave field

Results of estimating the directional wave fields in front of a detached breakwater are presented here in this paper. Two of non-phase-locked methods, i.e., the Maximum Likelihood Method (MLM) and the Extended Maximum Entropy Principle Method (EMEP), were adopted for the purpose. In general, the latter outperforms the former. It is shown that the reflection coefficients decrease with increasing distances away from the detached breakwater, and within four wavelengths from the detached breakwater, the rate of the decrease is faster for wave fields having larger directional spreads. When the measuring distance is more than four wavelengths away from the detached breakwaters, the reflection coefficients tend to reach to a constant value. It is shown that, with the use of the non-phase-locked EMEP method, the effective region can be extended, as compared with the results of Huntley and Davidson [J. Waterw. Port Coast. Ocean Eng. 124 (1998) 312].     

银额盆地苏红图坳陷早白垩世巴音戈壁组火山岩锆石U- Pb年代学、地球化学特征及构造意义

本文对银额盆地苏红图坳陷钻井揭示的火山岩进行同位素地质年代学和岩石地球化学研究,以揭示该组火山岩的形成年代,探讨其岩石成因和构造环境。通过LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年,获得火山岩形成年龄为131.8±5.9～132.6±0.7Ma,时代为早白垩世早期;其年龄与查干凹陷巴音戈壁组火山岩年龄相近或略晚,而与区域内下白垩统苏红图组火山岩年龄差异较大,表明银额盆地早白垩世存在多期火山喷发,且沿着恩格尔乌苏断裂同时发生或向西南延伸,与阿尔金断裂向东北延伸无直接关系。研究区巴音戈壁组火山岩以亚碱性玄武安山岩为主(SiO_2=55.97%～56.37%),表现为主量元素高TiO_2(2.10%～2.35%)、低MgO (0.93%～1.47%)和低Na_2O+K_2O (3.17%～6.49%);稀土元素含量高(REE=352.39×10~(-6)～555.5×10~(-6)),轻重稀土元素强烈分异,弱Eu负异常(δEu=0.78～0.85);富集Rb、Ba、Th等大离子亲石元素(LILE),亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素(HSFE)以及Ni、Cr等相容元素等特征,具有板内和活动大陆边缘的双重特点,与苏红图组板内玄武质火山岩的地球化学特征截然不同。结合区域构造演化及火山岩时空分布分析,认为巴音戈壁组和苏红图组火山岩均为中生代银额盆地陆内伸展、岩石圈减薄和恩格尔乌苏断裂重新活动的产物,但两期火山岩来源于不同的岩浆源区。巴音戈壁组火山岩表现出的岛弧火山岩特征可能是由于地幔源区受到早期俯冲消减事件带来的流体影响。两期火山岩岩浆在上升过程中均未受到明显的地壳物质混染,但巴音戈壁组火山岩存在明显的镁铁质矿物和一定的斜长石结晶分离,结晶分异程度远高于苏红图组火山岩。     

矿产勘查开发的经济条件制约

探讨市场经济和杆对矿产勘查开发的制约作用,认为提高矿产勘查业的经济策略认识,用市场经营的理念策划矿产勘查开发项目的立项及操作运转,对目前矿业投资,矿产勘查具有现实意义。     

提为反问题的数值预报方法与试验 I. 三类反问题及数值解法

提为初值问题的数值预报在通过改进数值模式、观测手段及分析方法而改进预报的同时,仍然面临着两大困难,即模式误差和初值不完整。然而我们有大量的气候演变的历史观测资料,其中蕴含着关于气候系统的信息。本文针对这两个困难,系统地提出充分利用历史资料反演订正模式和初值进而改进数值预报的三类反问题,并给出数值解法。最后将三类反问题应用于一个简单模式进行反演预报的数值试验,其数值试验结果将在本文的第二部分给出。     

面向"数字地球"的岩石层三维成像

在上前主要是基于大地测量信息和卫星遥感信息而建立的“数字地球”的框架构想中,显然没有考虑到地人部的三维结构及其随时间的变化,但是另一方面,要真正实现“数字地球”构想中的模拟和预测的功能,这必不可少的。以“数字地球”为考虑问题的参考系,对地观测的分辨本领问题具有特别重要的意义。近年来,随着以高的基础的地震学的发展使面向“数字地球”的岩石层三维成像成为可能,进行千米精度的探测和年尺度的监视,并将这些信     

Establishing absorbed energy spectra—an attenuation approach

For energy‐based seismic design, energy demand in the form of absorbed energy spectra was established by an attenuation relationship. The absorbed energy is proposed for evaluating the energy demand in an inelastic system because the absorbed energy is directly related to the pseudo‐velocity in the elastic case. Based on a total of 273 ground motion records from 15 significant earthquakes in California, an attenuation relationship of the absorbed energy was established from a two‐stage non‐linear regression analysis. This relationship was established for a given earthquake magnitude, source‐to‐site distance, site class, and ductility factor. A similar expression for the normalized absorbed energy was also developed. This study showed that the absorbed energy for near‐field ground motions can be significantly larger than that predicted by the attenuation relationship for normal ground motions. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

青海玉树地震差分干涉雷达同震形变测量

2010-04-14青海玉树发生7.1级地震后,作者利用震前和震后获取的日本ALOS卫星PALSAR遥感数据,开展了差分干涉雷达(D-InSAR)地震同震形变测量与分析。结果表明:玉树地震引起较大范围地表变形,地震变形沿玉树—甘孜断裂带向南东东方向扩展,在N33.7°,E96.81°附近达到最大形变量,D-InSAR监测到雷达视向上的最大形变量为35cm。地表形变特征对于评价玉树地震破坏程度、推断断层性质、研究地震形变和地震孕育特征具有重要的参考价值。     

2017—2021年长江天鹅洲故道鱼类群落结构变化、成因分析及对长江江豚迁地保护的启示

长江天鹅洲故道是长江江豚首个迁地保护区,其中充足而适口的饵料鱼类资源是长江江豚种群健康发展的保障。为此,根据2017年10月—2021年4月对长江天鹅洲故道进行的7次鱼类调查数据,结合禁捕前的历史数据,对其鱼类群落结构演变进行了分析,并针对长江江豚饵料鱼的供应状况对天鹅洲故道内鱼类资源管理提出了建议。调查期间,共采集到鱼类57种,其中,蒙古鲌(Culter mongolicus)、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)和鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)等大中型鱼类生物量明显增加,而?(Hemiculter leucisculus)和似鳊(Pseudobrama simoni)等小型鱼类生物量呈现下降趋势。鱼类群落优势种逐渐由太湖新银鱼(Neosalanx taihuensis)、短颌鲚(Coilia brachygnathus)和?等小型鱼类转变为鳙、蒙古鲌和拟尖头鲌(Culter oxycephaloides)等大中型鱼类,尤其是新近出现的拟尖头鲌种群发展迅速。同时,短颌鲚和?等小型鱼类的体重在减小,而鲢、鳙等大中型鱼类规格在持续提高。长江江豚以小...     

Complexity analysis of rainfall and runoff time series based on sample entropy in different temporal scales

This study applied sample entropy (SampEn) to rainfall and runoff time series to investigate the complexity of different temporal scales. Rainfall and runoff time series with intervals of 1, 10, 30, 90, and 365 days for the Wu-Tu upstream watershed were used. Thereafter, SampEn was computed for the five rainfall and runoff time series. The results show that for the various temporal scales, comparisons of the complexity between the rainfall and runoff time series based on the SampEn are inconsistent. Calculating the dynamic SampEn further elucidated variations of the complexity in the rainfall and runoff time series. In addition, the results show that SampEn measures of the rainfall and runoff time series are typically higher than the approximate entropy measures of the rainfall and runoff time series for a specific temporal scale. The complexity increases when the sample size increases for a specific temporal scale. Furthermore, temporal scales with low complexity and high predictability are obtained from the variations of SampEn for the rainfall and runoff time series with different temporal scales, thereby providing a reference for determining the appropriate temporal scale for rainfall and runoff time series forecasting.