Geochemistry of environmentally sensitive trace elements in Permian coals from the Huainan coalfield, Anhui, China

To study the geochemical characteristics of 11 environmentally sensitive trace elements in the coals of the Permian Period from the Huainan coalfield, Anhui province, China, borehole samples of 336 coals, two partings, and four roof and floor mudstones were collected from mineable coal seams. Major elements and selected trace elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HAAS). The depositional environment, abundances, distribution, and modes of occurrence of trace elements were investigated. Results show that clay and carbonate minerals are the principal inorganic constituents in the coals. A lower deltaic plain, where fluvial channel systems developed successively, was the likely depositional environment of the Permian coals in the Huainan coalfield. All major elements have wider variation ranges than those of Chinese coals except for Mg and Fe. The contents of Cr, Co, Ni, and Se are higher than their averages for Chinese coals and world coals. Vertical variations of trace elements in different formations are not significant except for B and Ba. Certain roof and partings are distinctly higher in trace elements than underlying coal bench samples. The modes of occurrence of trace elements vary in different coal seams as a result of different coal-forming environments. Vanadium, Cr, and Th are associated with aluminosilicate minerals, Ba with carbonate minerals, and Cu, Zn, As, Se, and Pb mainly with sulfide minerals.     

塔里木盆地柯坪-巴楚地区奥陶系层序界面特征及成因分析

通过综合分析塔里木盆地柯坪-巴楚地区露头剖面的宏观组合和微观结构,总结出奥陶系不同级别层序界面的表现特征、成因机制,指导盆地内层序界面的研究。柯坪-巴楚地区奥陶系主要有3个级别的层序界面:一级层序界面发育在构造变革期,如受到造山运动或区域构造隆升作用等影响,表现为角度不整合面、平行不整合等特征;二级层序界面发育在沉积环境重大转换阶段,主要受到全球海平面变化的影响或局部构造运动影响,表现为平行不整合、淹没不整合等特征;三级层序界面与局部构造运动有关,表现为局部平行不整合。层序界面的表现形式包括古土壤层、喀斯特化、地层削截、地层超覆、岩性岩相突变等。通过总结不同层序界面的性质和成因,分析不整合面的规模和发育部位,预测有利岩溶储层发育的区带。     

Changes in gross moist stability in the tropics under global warming

Gross moist stability, an effective static stability, in the tropics is examined in observations and model simulations. Under convective quasi-equilibrium closure, gross moist stability, a vertical integration of the vertical moist static energy gradient weighted by pressure velocity, is derived based on an approximately moist adiabatic process associated with deep convection. In climatology, gross moist stability is generally similar to the spatial distribution of mean precipitation. In global warming simulations, gross moist stability tends to increase in the tropics. It implies a more stable atmosphere, which is consistent with the weakening of tropical circulation found in climate models. Main effects, which induce the changes in gross moist stability, include the low-level moisture effect, the maximum level of convection (MLC) effect, i.e., the depth of deep convection, and the dry static energy effect associated with stratification of temperature, with the first two also found in climatology. Because of the strong cancellation between the effects of low-level moisture and dry static energy due to the moist adiabatic process of deep convection, the effect of MLC, which has been overlooked in measuring atmospheric stability, is crucial in determining the sign of changes in gross moist stability. Gross moist stability is a better index to represent changes in atmospheric stability in the tropics under global warming, compared to both dry and moist static stability.     

柴达木盆地东部上石炭统克鲁克组碎屑岩储层特征及控制因素

柴达木盆地上石炭统克鲁克组是该区重要的古生界勘探层位,组内发育多套良好的碎屑岩层。为探究其岩石物性特征及控制因素,本次以野外露头调查为基础,利用普通薄片、铸体薄片鉴定及扫描电镜等手段,结合物性测试和压汞资料,对克鲁克组碎屑岩纵向分布规律,储层岩性、物性、孔喉特征及孔隙类型进行分析。认为克鲁克地层中克2段发育的三角洲前缘亚相和克3段的具障壁海岸潮坪相的大套含砾粗砂岩、粗砂岩砂体原生、次生孔洞发育,孔喉大、分布集中、分选好,为有利的碎屑岩储层。早成岩期压实作用、重结晶及胶结作用对克鲁克组砂岩的原生孔隙破坏严重,晚成岩期储层改造形成的溶孔、裂缝—溶孔是油气成藏的主要储存空间。该研究为预测柴东石炭系克鲁克组油气有利区域提供依据,为今后该地区的油气勘探提供理论支撑。     

Disk Galaxies with Finite Thickness

The effect of finite thickness on the properties of disk galaxies is calculated on the basis of a rigorous mathematical treatment in terms of Green function and Bessel Fourier transformation. In our approach, the mass of the galactic halo is determined by fitting the observed rotation curve with a five-component model. We not only choose a bulge, a thin disk and a halobut also include a nuclear bulge (i.e. the Galactic Nucleus) and a thick disk. The effect of finite thickness of the disk on both the radial and vertical self-gravity is considered in detail. The vertical dynamics of this three-dimensional system is also investigated.     

Neutrino reactions in strong magnetic field

We present the energy losses due to several neutrinos processes: (1) synchrotron neutrinos, (2) pair annihilation neutrinos, (3) plasmon neutrinos, and (4) photoneutrinos in the presence of a superstrong magnetic field. Numerical results are tabulated and illustrated for several values of densities and temperatures. In the low density regime (10⁷ g cm^–3) the presence of a magnetic field decreases the luminosity, whereas the opposite is true at higher densities. This last effect is however almost entirely due to the existence of a new process the synchrotron neutrinos that disappear whenH0. Even though the overall effect can only be quantitatively ascertain after a complete cooling computation is performed, one should however expect a much lower temperature for neutron star surface than the one computed in theH=0 case.     

Plasmon neutrinos emission in a strong magnetic field

The decay of a longitudinal plasmon into two neutrinos is studied in the presence of a strong magnetic field. Contrary to the transverse case, for longitudinal plasmons the existence of a new mode, entirely dependent on the magnetic field, greatly enhances the energy loss at high densities. Denoting byQ _HandQ ₀the neutrino energy losses with and without magnetic field respectively, the situation is as follows: atH10¹¹ G andT10⁹K,Q ₀10⁵ Q _Hfor <10¹¹g cm^–3, WhileQ _H10¹⁰ Q ₀for >10¹¹g cm^–3. A second physically interesting feature is the anisotropic character of the energy loss which is highly peaked along the field lines, giving rise to a shorter cooling time in that direction than in any other.     

Pattern classification using tabu search to identify the spatial distribution of groundwater pumping

Pattern classification and Tabu Search are integrated to optimize the zonation and associated average groundwater pumping rates. A simulated problem analogous to the Choushui Creek Alluvial in Janghauh county of Taiwan is used to examine the proposed method. Three problems are tested including (1) optimizing zonation patterns with known pumping rates and number of zones, (2) optimizing pumping rates and zonation patterns with a predetermined number of zones, and (3) optimizing all pumping rates, number of zones, and zonation. The results indicate that the proposed method successfully identifies spatial patterns of groundwater pumping for all three cases. However, some initial zonations result only in local optimums. Thus, using more than one initial zonation to increase search diversification is recommended. Application to different problems such as the spatial distribution of hydraulic conductivity values and area weighting of rainfall stations, is encouraged.

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Resumen El patrón de clasificación y la búsqueda tabú están integrados para optimizar la zonificación y las tasas promedio de bombeo de aguas subterráneas asociadas. Se ha utilizado un área diseñada análoga al arroyo aluvial Choushui en la provincia Janghauh en Taiwan para examinar el método propuesto. Se han probado tres problemas que incluyen (1) la zonificación únicamente con las tasas de bombeo y número de zonas dadas, (2) tasa de bombeo y zonificación con un número predeterminado de zonas, y (3) todas las tasa de bombeo, número de zonas y zonificaciones. Los resultados indican que el método propuesto identifica exitosamente los patrones espaciales de bombeo de las aguas subterráneas en los tres casos. Sin embargo, Algunas zonificaciones iniciales solamente resultan en óptimos locales. Por esta razón se recomienda utilizar más de una zonificación inicial para incrementar la diversificación de la búsqueda. Se sugiere la aplicación a problemas diferentes tales como la distribución espacial de conductividades hidraúlicas y la ponderación de áreas de estaciones de monitoreo de precipitación.

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Résumé La classification des patrons et la recherche Tabu sont intégrés pour optimiser la zonation et la moyenne associée du taux de pompage de leau souterraine. Une région analogue à lalluvion du ruisseau Choushui de la région Janghauh en Taiwan a été recrée afin dexaminer la méthode proposée. Trois problèmes sont évalués, incluant loptimisation de (1) la zonation avec seulement un taux de pompage et un nombre de zones donnés, (2) le taux de pompage et la zonation avec un nombre prédéterminé de zones, et (3) tous les taux de pompage, nombre de zones et la zonation. Les résultats indiquent que la méthode proposée identifie avec succès les patrons de pompage de leau souterraine dans les trois cas. Toutefois, certaines zonations initiales résultent seulement en optimums locaux. Par conséquent, lutilisation de plus dune zonation initiale afin daugmenter la diversification de la recherche est recommandée. Lutilisation de la méthode est suggérée pour la résolution de différents problèmes tels que la distribution spatiale de la conductivité hydraulique et la pondération des stations de mesure de précipitations.

     

数值模式初值的敏感性程度对四维同化的影响

用著名的Ｌｏｒｅｎｚ系统作了共轭变分同化的数值试验。发现随着模式对初值敏感性程度的增加，用这种方法得到和模式相协调的初始场愈来愈困难，直到某些情况下的完全失败。这表明四维同化和可预报期限是联系在一起的。另一方面，随着方程不精确程度的增加，变分同化的效果愈来愈差，直到所做的预报无任何意义可言。如果在做变分同化的同时对模式参数也进行反演，就可使得基于Ｌｏｒｅｎｚ系统所做的预报效果大大提高。     

塔里木盆地东北部中—上奥陶统沉积物源与构造背景相关性分析

基于塔里木盆地库鲁克塔格露头区却尔却克山、元宝山和南雅尔当山中—上奥陶统宏观沉积特征分析,结合钻井、地震资料分析,对盆地东北部巨厚的中—上奥陶统碎屑岩沉积物源及其构造背景相关性进行了探讨。中—上奥陶统却尔却克组发育复理石建造,综合重矿物组合、矿物成熟度参数、砂岩主、微量元素、稀土元素和阴极发光等提供的物源信息,反映物源区主要为大陆岛弧和活动大陆边缘构造背景。却尔却克组沉积早期物源区主要来自北部古陆,主要为酸性花岗岩类和变质岩类,却尔却克组沉积中后期,除来自北部的物源外,还有来自东南部阿尔金造山带的火山碎屑物质的加入。中—上奥陶统沉积物源分析为塔里木盆地东北部地区中晚奥陶世构造隆升与沉积充填关系研究提供重要依据。