Evolution of the Carboniferous Reef in Eastern Qaidam Basin and its Hydrocarbon Significance

<正>Objective Reef reservoirs have recently been receiving more and more attention due to their important role in petroleum exploration.Large-scale reefs have been previously discovered in the Paleozoic strata of western China,suchas the Late Permian of the Sichuan Basin,Late Ordovician of the Ordos Basin,and Late Ordovician of the Tarim Basin,which are all important hydrocarbon reservoirs in     

The formation and evolution of a coastal alluvial fan in eastern Taiwan caused by rainfall-induced landslides

The formation and evolution of a coastal fan in eastern Taiwan associated with a sequence of rainfall-induced landslides during the 2009–2013 period are explored in this study. The evolution of these landslides is mainly attributed to the head-cutting process initiated by Typhoon Parma in October 2009. During the attack of Typhoon Megi in October, 2010, a subaerial coastal fan with a surface slope of 8.9° was formed after the mobilization of the rainfall-induced landslides. The geomorphic features both in the steep gully and on the coastal fan were categorized as the sequence of granular debris flows and sheet floods. Severe fan toe erosion occurred thereafter due to the wind-wave forcing. Even if the variations of both the cumulative rainfalls and the drainage areas are one or two orders of magnitude among devastating fan-forming landslides worldwide, the mean annual precipitation and the basin ruggedness index (Melton ratio) are effective indicators to normalize the rainfall threshold and to characterize the fan surface slope, respectively. Severe catastrophic landslides generally occur when the normalized cumulative rainfalls with respect to mean annual precipitation are greater than 0.1. The fan slope generally increases with the increasing Melton ratio for the catchment. Uchiogi’s empirical model is applicable for predicting the rainfall-induced area ratio of newly generated landslides. In this case study, the relationship of the fan area to the total landslide area follows a linear regressive curve when the ratio of landslide area with respect to the drainage area exceeds 0.0056.     

Simulation analysis of the impacts of underground mining on permafrost in an opencast coal mine in the northern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

Based on two-dimensional heat-conduction equations with a phase-change component, this study investigates the impact of underground mining on the permafrost environment in an opencast coal mining pit. The dynamics of the maximum thawed and freezing depths at different depths around a borehole wall are determined. The spatial distributions of these dynamics are also determined at different locations of the wall profile. The results show that (1) the maximum freezing depth tends to increase over 100 years; (2) the maximum thawed depth increases along a borehole wall over 100 years. In particular, the maximum thawed depth increases faster near the junctions of permafrost and seasonally frozen soil; (3) due to the small cross section of mining laneways, coal mining does not cause rapid increases in permafrost temperature around borehole walls. Once disturbance to permafrost around a borehole wall decreases, the once-insignificant effect of temperature will become more obvious. Underground mining does have some impacts on permafrost surrounding borehole walls, but it does not cause large areas of deformation due to thermal disturbance.     

室内地磁基准图构建的优化算法研究

对比分析4种室内地磁基准图的构建算法,选取两种场景进行实验,并采用均方差、交叉验证法、积分均方误差等评价指标进行分析。结果表明,协同克里金插值算法有更高的精度,但构建速度较慢;标准高斯过程回归有更快的构建速度,但精度略低。因此,对于有高精度需求的场合可采用协同克里金算法;对于实时性要求高的情况,标准高斯过程回归更能满足需求。     

板块构造对海相钾盐矿床分布与成矿模式的控制

表生钾盐矿床主要沉积于陆壳板块上的陆表海盆地中,其沉积受制于全球板块运动,具体影响表现在板块的规模、边界特征、漂移历史与古纬度、古气候等的控制作用。在巨型稳定克拉通上,出现巨型陆表海盆,沉积分布广、厚度大的巨型钾盐矿床或矿集区,矿床沉积类型属于化学岩型即碳酸盐岩型钾盐矿;板块汇聚区域,如特提斯造山带,出现较多的小陆块并形成较小规模的海相及海陆交互相盆地,也形成了一些厚度大的巨型-超大型钾盐矿床或矿床群,沉积类型有化学岩型及碎屑岩型钾矿两类;而大陆板块边缘及其内部,出现裂谷盆地成钾,沉积环境可以从海相到非海相及过渡类型,钾盐沉积规模不等,也可出现超大型矿床,基本属于碎屑岩型钾矿;最后,在大陆板块内部出现典型陆相钾盐沉积。从时代上看,稳定巨型克拉通板块成钾,主要出现于古生代;而板块汇聚时期成钾,主要发生在中生代;裂谷成钾则主要出现在新生代,典型陆相钾盐矿床则出现在第四纪。由此可见,从古生代到新生代,地球表生成钾模式发生了重大转换。从成钾物质来源看,稳定克拉通海盆主要以海水补给为主,特提斯小陆块的海相盆地成钾物质,以海水补给为主,可能存在非海相(以火山活动带来深部物质等)的补给;而裂谷成钾物质补给,则是海相与非海相混合型,甚至一些盆地以非海相物质补给为主。从古生代到中生代,再到新生代,成钾盆地规模快速变小;所形成的钾盐资源量也呈相应递减变化规律。中国小陆块的漂移演化历史受控于全球主要板块的构造演化,其海相盆地成钾作用也应符合世界主要钾盐成矿的基本规律,因此,掌握全球板块对钾盐成矿基本约束规律,有助于研究中国小陆块海相成钾规律,指导中国海相找钾勘查突破。     

A new economic assessment index for the impact of climate change on grain yield

The impact of climate change on agriculture has received wide attention by the scientific community. This paper studies how to assess the grain yield impact of climate change, according to the climate change over a long time period in the future as predicted by a climate system model. The application of the concept of a traditional ＂yield impact of meteorological factor （YIMF）＂ or ＂yield impact of weather factor＂ to the grain yield assessment of a decadal or even a longer timescale would be suffocated at the outset because the YIMF is for studying the phenomenon on an interannual timescale, and it is difficult to distinguish between the trend caused by climate change and the one resulting from changes in non-climatic factors. Therefore, the concept of the yield impact of climatic change （YICC）, which is defined as the difference in the per unit area yields （PUAY） of a grain crop under a changing and an envisaged invariant climate conditions, is presented in this paper to assess the impact of global climate change on grain yields. The climatic factor has been introduced into the renowned economic Cobb-Douglas model, yielding a quantitative assessment method of YICC using real data. The method has been tested using the historical data of Northeast China, and the results show that it has an encouraging application outlook.     

副热带高压脊线移动的三维结构特征

文中定义了东西风交界面作为表征副热带高压脊线位置的动力学参量 ,并利用 NCEP/NCAR再分析月平均资料在三维空间中考察了东西风交界面的空间、时间变化特征。分析结果表明 :副热带高压位置移动以季节变化为主 ,季节变化由南北移动和斜率变化两类运动组成 ;副热带高压位置移动的年际变化和 ENSO事件关系密切 ;南半球副热带高压具有纬向对称的垂直结构 ,北半球副热带高压垂直结构较为复杂 ,尤其是西太平洋副热带高压表现出在全球副热带高压系统中的独特性。     

西藏朱诺斑岩型Cu-Mo矿床成矿斑岩金红石成因及找矿指示意义

西藏冈底斯成矿带南缘西段新发现的朱诺铜矿床是具有大型规模的斑岩铜钼矿床。金红石是斑岩铜矿床中最典型的副矿物之一,对其成分和结构特征的研究能反演成矿流体演化过程并确定斑岩铜矿的主矿体。在详细的野外地质观察的基础上,对钾化带成矿斑岩(黑云花岗闪长岩)中金红石的研究表明:金红石主要与磁铁矿(Ⅰ类)、赤铁矿共生(Ⅲ类),常形成固溶体分离结构并分布在黑云母裂隙及附近;其次呈板状(长10~80μm,宽3~10μm)、颗粒状(粒径10~40μm)、不规则状独立分布在石英硫化物脉中(Ⅱ类)。Ⅰ类金红石是由钛磁铁矿在富S条件下反应形成的;Ⅲ类金红石由钛铁矿在富氧条件下反应形成的;Ⅱ类金红石是由含Ti的热液结晶沉淀而来的。成矿斑岩全岩中TiO_2的含量为0.66%,为金红石的形成提供了丰富的物源。成矿斑岩金红石中的电子探针分析结果显示,其成分除含有约94%的TiO_2外,还含有V_2O_3,Nb_2O_5,FeO,WO_3,CaO,SiO_2,Al_2O_3,ZrO_2,几乎不含或很少含MgO和MgO。金红石中V_2O_3范围为0.20%~2.39%,平均为0.49%,Nb2O5的含量范围为0.20%~4.63%,平均1.25%,WO_3和FeO的平均含量分别为1.92%和1.81%,且有约0.05%的ZrO_2异常。利用金红石找矿方法开展朱诺矿床外围找矿时,首先必须考虑金红石中V_2O_3的含量(0.2%,Ⅱ类金红石0.5%),在此基础上考虑Nb的含量(0.2%,乙类金红石2.6%),同时考虑W,Fe偏高,Zr异常的特点。对Ⅱ类金红石还需要额外考虑其粒径大于10μm。     

应力场数值模拟与油藏有利区预测-以松辽盆地乾安地区归字井青三段为例

构造应力场在油气运聚成藏中具有重要的作用。明水组沉积末期是松辽盆地乾安地区高台子油层的一个主要成藏期, 期间烃源岩的生、排烃高峰与大规模油气运聚和圈闭的形成在时间上具良好的匹配关系。利用ANSYS有限元模拟软件, 对归字井地区明水组沉积末期构造应力场进行了初步模拟; 同时利用地应力驱动油气运移理论, 对运移势场进行了数值模拟。模拟结果表明, 最大主应力受岩性控制明显, 而最小主应力主要受埋深控制。已有的试油试气资料表明, 具油气显示的井, 大部分都位于地应力区和地势区。依据地应力和运移势场的分布, 并结合地质构造特征, 对油藏有利区进行了预测, 为油田的勘探开发提供了科学依据。      

金伯利岩,钾镁煌斑岩中含大阳离子复杂钛酸盐矿物晶体结构特征

近年来，在我国山东蒙阴及南非，西北澳大利亚的金伯利岩，钾镁煌斑岩等地幔岩中陆续发现了一系列新的钛酸盐矿物，包括蒙山矿系列，沂蒙矿系列，柱红石系列，钾钡石及易解石类矿物新种，它们分别具ＡＭ２１Ｏ３８，ＡＭ１２Ｏ１９，Ａ１－２Ｂ８Ｏ１６，Ａ２Ｂ６Ｏ１３，ＡＢ２Ｏ６等化合物的结构，其共同特征是含亲石大阳离子及硅酸盐不相容元素。笔者通过对其中一些矿物的晶体结构测定，综合国内外的有关资料，指出大阳离子在这些