1556年陕西华县大地震形变遗迹及华山山前断裂古地震研究

华山山前断裂带晚第四纪以来具有明显的新活动,沿断裂带及其两侧分布有最新断层崖,基岩裂缝、黄土裂缝、山体崩(滑)塌体等众多的地震形变和破坏遗迹,华山山前断裂带应是1556年华县8级地震的发震断层。 从本文提供的一个古地震剖面分析,华山山前断裂带全新世以来可能发生过四次大地震,其重复间隔约2000—2500年     

Transport and retention of Escherichia coli in a mixture of quartz,Al‐coated and Fe‐coated sands

Transport and retention of Escherichia coli through the mixture of quartz, Al‐coated and Fe‐coated sands was examined using column experiments to investigate the effect of geochemical heterogeneity on bacteria transport. The first set of the experiments was performed in quartz, Al‐coated and Fe‐coated sand mixtures (coated sand: 0, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100%) to examine the influence of positively‐charged sand grains on bacteria transport. The second experiments were carried out to observe the impact of pH (range 6·74–8·21) on bacteria transport in the mixture of quartz 50% and Fe‐coated sand 50%. The third experiments were conducted to analyse the effect of ionic strength (0, 50, 100, 200 mM) on bacteria transport in the mixture of quartz 50% and Al‐coated sand 50%. The first experiments show that bacterial mass recoveries were in the range of 3·6–43·4%, decreasing nonlinearly as the content of Al‐ and Fe‐coated sands increased. In the second experiments, the bacterial mass recoveries were in the range of 35·5–79·2%, increasing linearly as the solution pH increased. In the third experiments, the mass recovery was 3·4% at 0 mM. As the ionic strength increased to 50mM, the mass recovery decreased to 0%. When the ionic strength increased further to 100 and 200 mM, no bacterial mass was recovered as in the case of 50 mM. It indicates that in the mixed medium of quartz 50% and Al‐coated sand 50% both positive (increment of bacterial adhesion) and negative (decrement) effects of ionic strength may be counterbalanced, minimizing the impact of ionic strength on the bacterial adhesion. This study helps to understand the role of metal oxides and solution chemistry in the transport of bacteria in geochemically heterogeneous media Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Three‐dimensional simulations of tensile cracks in geomaterials by coupling meshless and finite element method

Failure in geotechnical engineering is often related to tension‐induced cracking in geomaterials. In this paper, a coupled meshless method and FEM is developed to analyze the problem of three‐dimensional cracking. The radial point interpolation method (RPIM) is used to model cracks in the smeared crack framework with an isotropic damage model. The identification of the meshless region is based on the stress state computed by FEM, and the adaptive coupling of RPIM and FEM is achieved by a direct algorithm. Mesh‐bias dependency, which poses difficulties in FEM‐based cracking simulations, is circumvented by a crack tracking algorithm. The performance of our scheme is demonstrated by two numerical examples, that is, the four‐point bending test on concrete beam and the surface cracks caused by tunnel excavation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Abrupt changes in the discharge and sediment load of the Pearl River,China

The abrupt changes in the streamflow and sediment load at nine hydrological stations of the Pearl River basin were systematically analysed by using the simple two‐phase linear regression scheme and the coherency analysis technique. Possible underlying causes were also discussed. Our study results indicated that abrupt changes in the streamflow occurred mainly in the early 1990s. The change points were followed by significant decreasing streamflow. Multiscale abrupt behaviour of the sediment load classified the hydrological stations into two groups: (1) Xiaolongtan, Nanning and Liuzhou; and (2) Qianjiang, Dahuangjiangkou, Wuzhou, Gaoyao, Shijiao and Boluo. The grouped categories implied obvious influences of water reservoirs on the hydrological processes of the Pearl River. On the basis of analysis of the locations and the construction time of the water reservoirs, and also the time when the change points occurred, we figured out different ways the water reservoirs impacted the hydrological processes within the Pearl River basin. As for the hydrological variation along the mainstream of the Pearl River, the water reservoirs have considerable influences on both the streamflow and sediment load variations; however, more influences seemed to be exerted on the sediment load transport. In the North River, the hydrological processes seemed to be influenced mainly by climate changes. In the East River, the hydrological variations tended to be impacted by the water reservoirs. The study results also indicated no fixed modes when we address the influences of water reservoirs on hydrological processes. Drainage area and regulation behaviour of the water reservoirs should be taken into account. The results of this study will be of considerable importance for the effective water resources management of the Pearl River basin under the changing environment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

青藏高原中北部沱沱河盆地新生代古纬度演化及其对构造和气候的指示意义

古纬度演化可以为地质历史时期古气候变化以及构造变形过程等提供宏观的构造位置背景。加强青藏高原中北部可可西里盆地的古纬度研究,对于理解青藏高原中北部的构造抬升过程历史以及机制、阐明东亚季风起源和演化与高原隆升变形的耦合关系、探讨可可西里盆地晚始新世孢粉所指示的干旱气候的动力机制等具有重要的意义。笔者等选取青藏高原腹地研究相对薄弱的可可西里盆地的一个次级沱沱河盆地（TTHC剖面）作为研究对象开展了古地磁研究,重建其在新生代的古纬度演化历史。岩石磁学研究表明TTHC剖面的主要载磁矿物是磁铁矿和赤铁矿,但以赤铁矿为主。与同期（约35 Ma）欧亚极期望磁倾角以及研究区西边乌兰乌拉湖地区的火山岩磁倾角对比,TTHC剖面所记录的磁倾角存在明显的浅化现象,经E/I方法校正后,得到在约35 Ma的古地磁方向为Dec=358.5°,Inc=44.4°,a95=5.7°。综合已发表的贡觉盆地、改则盆地、尼玛盆地、囊谦盆地、下拉秀盆地和乌兰乌拉湖火山岩等古纬度数据以及本文的研究结果,得到沱沱河盆地新生代古纬度演化历史（以TTHC剖面坐标为参考点）,沱沱河盆地在约35 Ma古纬度为26.1°N,处于副热带高气压气候带内,可以解释孢粉和岩性所指示的暖干气候。在约24 Ma沱沱河盆地到达现在的纬度位置,盆地上地壳缩短在约24 Ma减小或者停止。     

南秦岭安康地区高纯石英用脉石英矿特征及质量影响因素

南秦岭安康地区志留系梅子垭组千枚岩中赋存丰富的脉石英矿产资源, 但其作为高纯石英原料研究程度低, 尤其是对其中影响石英提纯的痕量杂质元素含量及其赋存状态缺乏系统认识, 很大程度制约了该区高纯石英原料的质量评价和进一步的找矿突破。本文在厘定安康地区脉石英地质发育特征的基础上, 对研究区产出的3件脉状石英样品(AK200、AK201、AK202)开展了样品杂质元素检测, 对样品矿物学特征、杂质赋存形式和可提纯性能进行了研究, 进而进行了提纯实验, 结果显示, 3件样品提纯后SiO₂含量分别为99.993 11%、99.997 66%和99.998 58%, 均达到高纯石英产品质量要求, 其中AK202样品提纯后达到4N8级。研究表明, 提纯后Al、Ti、Na、K为主要杂质元素, Al可能以杂质矿物、晶格杂质两种方式存在; Ti可能多以晶格杂质的方式存在; Na、K多以流体包裹体的方式存在; 杂质矿物、流体包裹体、晶格杂质对该区脉石英质量均产生不同程度影响, 其中流体包裹体为主要影响因素, 晶格杂质次之, 杂质矿物影响最小。这一结论对于评价该区的脉石英矿产资源质量、明确今后找矿目标体特征具有重要参考意义。     

塔里木盆地富满大型碳酸盐岩油气聚集区走滑断裂控储模式

塔里木盆地台盆区深层海相油气勘探目标由层间岩溶向断控岩溶转变,并在处于坳陷区的富满地区发现了以走滑断裂为主控因素的断控型油田。富满地区储层特征与盆地内古隆起区、斜坡区均有不同,因此需要建立适合研究区的走滑断裂控储模式。本次研究通过高密度三维地震资料刻画了研究区走滑断裂的分布,利用岩心、测井、试井资料以及缝洞体识别技术明确了不同类型的储层分布,分析了研究区走滑断裂样式与差异变形对储层发育的影响,建立了走滑断裂控储模式。研究结果表明:(1)富满大型碳酸盐岩油气聚集区储集空间主要由多期走滑构造破裂作用与岩溶作用形成的洞穴型、裂缝-孔洞型、裂缝型与孔洞型空间组成;(2)走滑断裂活动性越强,断裂带宽度越大,储层发育规模越大,张扭段与压扭段断层破碎带型储层较平移段平面分布范围更广,纵向发育深度更大;(3)张扭段为汇水区,断裂联通性好,有利于大气流体下渗以及热流体上涌从而对储层进行溶蚀改造;压扭段为分流区,岩溶储层多发育于断裂带两侧,断裂开启程度低,受流体改造程度低于张扭段。     

Recent Progress in Dual-Polarization Radar Research and Applications in China

Dual-polarization(dual-pol)radar can measure additional parameters that provide more microphysical information of precipitation systems than those provided by conventional Doppler radar.The dual-pol parameters have been successfully utilized to investigate precipitation microphysics and improve radar quantitative precipitation estimation(QPE).The recent progress in dual-pol radar research and applications in China is summarized in four aspects.Firstly,the characteristics of several representative dual-pol radars are reviewed.Various approaches have been developed for radar data quality control,including calibration,attenuation correction,calculation of specific differential phase shift,and identification and removal of non-meteorological echoes.Using dual-pol radar measurements,the microphysical characteristics derived from raindrop size distribution retrieval,hydrometeor classification,and QPE is better understood in China.The limited number of studies in China that have sought to use dual-pol radar data to validate the microphysical parameterization and initialization of numerical models and assimilate dual-pol data into numerical models are summarized.The challenges of applying dual-pol data in numerical models and emerging technologies that may make significant impacts on the field of radar meteorology are discussed.     

An empirical attenuation model of the peak ground acceleration (PGA) in the near field of a strong earthquake

Natural Hazards - Empirical methods are commonly employed to predict the PGA distribution of an earthquake and are widely used. However, current empirical methods assume the seismic source to be a...