Deformation Evolution Characteristics Revealed by GPS and Cross-fault Leveling Data before the MS8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake

Based on GPS velocity during 1999-2007, GPS baseline time series on large scale during 1999-2008 and cross-fault leveling data during 1985-2008, the paper makes some analysis and discussion to study and summarize the movement, tectonic deformation and strain accumulation evolution characteristics of the Longmenshan fault and the surrounding area before the M_S8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, as well as the possible physical mechanism late in the seismic cycle of the Wenchuan earthquake. Multiple results indicate that:GPS velocity profiles show that obvious continuous deformation across the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau before the earthquake was distributed across a zone at least 500km wide, while there was little deformation in Sichuan Basin and Longmenshan fault zone, which means that the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau provides energy accumulation for locked Longmenshan fault zone continuously. GPS strain rates show that the east-west compression deformation was larger in the northwest of the mid-northern segment of the Longmenshan fault zone, and deformation amplitude decreased gradually from far field to near fault zone, and there was little deformation in fault zone. The east-west compression deformation was significant surrounding the southwestern segment of the Longmenshan fault zone, and strain accumulation rate was larger than that of mid-northern segment. Fault locking indicates nearly whole Longmenshan fault was locked before the earthquake except the source of the earthquake which was weakly locked, and a 20km width patch in southwestern segment between 12km to 22.5km depth was in creeping state. GPS baseline time series in northeast direction on large scale became compressive generally from 2005 in the North-South Seismic Belt, which reflects that relative compression deformation enhances. The cross-fault leveling data show that annual vertical change rate and deformation trend accumulation rate in the Longmenshan fault zone were little, which indicates that vertical activity near the fault was very weak and the fault was tightly locked. According to analyses of GPS and cross-fault leveling data before the Wenchuan earthquake, we consider that the Longmenshan fault is tightly locked from the surface to the deep, and the horizontal and vertical deformation are weak surrounding the fault in relatively small-scale crustal deformation. The process of weak deformation may be slow, and weak deformation area may be larger when large earthquake is coming. Continuous and slow compression deformation across eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau before the earthquake provides dynamic support for strain accumulation in the Longmenshan fault zone in relative large-scale crustal deformation.     

APPLICATION OF LOGISTIC REGRESSION MODEL FOR HAZARD ASSESSMENT OF EARTHQUAKE-TRIGGERED LANDSLIDES: A CASE STUDY OF 2017 JIUZHAIGOU(CHINA)MS7.0 EVENT

The M_S7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake in Sichuan Province of 8 August 2017 triggered a large number of landslides. A comprehensive and objective panorama of these landslides is of great significance for understanding the mechanism, intensity, spatial pattern and law of these coseismic landslides, recovery and reconstruction of earthquake affected area, as well as prevention and mitigation of landslide hazard. The main aim of this paper is to present the use of remote sensing images, GIS technology and Logistic Regression(LR)model for earthquake triggered landslide hazard mapping related to the 2017 Jiuzhaigou earthquake. On the basis of a scene post-earthquake Geoeye-1 satellite image(0.5m resolution), we delineated 4834 co-seismic landslides with an area of 9.63km². The ten factors were selected as the influencing factors for earthquake triggered landslide hazard mapping of Jiuzhaigou earthquake, including elevation, slope angle, aspect, horizontal distance to fault, vertical distance to fault, distance to epicenter, distance to roads, distance to rivers, TPI index, and lithology. Both landsliding and non-landsliding samples were needed for LR model. Centroids of the 4834 initial landslide polygons were extracted for landslide samples and the 4832 non-landslide points were randomly selected from the landslide-free area. All samples(4834 landslide sites and 4832 non-landslide sites)were randomly divided into the training set(6767 samples)and validation set(2899 samples). The logistic regression model was used to carry out the landslide hazard assessment of the Jiuzhaigou earthquake and the results show that the landslide hazard assessment map based on LR model is very consistent with the actual landslide distribution. The areas of Wuhuahai-Xiamo, Huohuahai and Inter Continental Hotel of Jiuzhai-Ruyiba are high hazard areas. In order to quantitatively evaluate the prediction results, the trained model calculated with the training set was evaluated by training set and validation set as the input of the model to get the output results of the two sets. The ROC curve was used to evaluate the accuracy of the model. The ROC curve for LR model was drawn and the AUC values were calculated. The evaluation result shows good prediction accuracy. The AUC values for the training and validation data set are 0.91 and 0.89, respectively. On the whole, more than 78.5% of the landslides in the study area are concentrated in the high and extremely high hazard zones. Landslide point density and landslide area density increase very rapidly as the level of hazard increases. This paper provides a scientific reference for earthquake landslides, disaster prevention and mitigation in the earthquake area.     

2017年新疆精河MS6.6地震遥感大气温度变化特征分析

在中国地震台网中心2016年底利用热红外遥感技术预测2017年新疆西部地区为潜在M_S 6.6±0.2地震危险区的基础上,分析2017年8月9日精河M_S6.6地震临震时段引潮力变化,并选用18时（UTC）中国大陆近地表50m高度处的遥感大气温度数据,以震前引潮力值最高点时刻（8月1日）为时间背景,获取地震前后（8月2~13日）连续的大气温度日增量分布图像,跟踪分析精河M_S6.6地震短临大气温度变化。结果显示：地震发生在天体引潮力由高峰—低谷连续周期变化的低谷时段,而大气温度变化过程显示,在全国大范围内,仅震中附近大气温度升高明显,其异常演化经历了起始—加强—高峰—衰减—再增强—发震—平静的动态过程。增温过程与潮汐变化具有同步性,这表明引潮力对本次地震具有触诱发的作用,而大气温度变化反映了本次地震地应力的变化过程,也说明在地震预测实践中,从中、短临多时间尺度综合分析遥感大气温度和引潮力变化,将有助于提高地震预测能力。     

红柳峡跨断层水准规律性变化分析

红柳峡跨断层水准多次出现由张性背景转为大幅压缩的规律性变化,基于青藏高原地区5级以上地震高频时空分布特征,与祁连山断裂带异常跨断层场地同步性进行对比,结果显示:①红柳峡跨断层水准与祁连山断裂带上其他跨断层异常场地变化时间一致性较好;②在红柳峡水准出现压性变化的1年内,青藏高原5级以上地震高频活动多发,且红柳峡水准出现压缩变化时段内,在青藏高原内部多形成NE向5级以上地震条带,表明应力多沿NE向集中。研究结果表明,印度洋板块在北向推挤增强过程中,引发青藏高原内部及周边块体一系列地震,而作为祁连山断裂带西端特殊的跨断层场地,红柳峡跨断层存在块体调整过程中出现较为规律异常变化的可能。     

亚洲季风与ENSO对新加坡降雨影响的初步研究

根据1800-1989年(110年)的资料,分析研究了新加坡地区月平均和年平均降雨量的一些特征。主要结论是:新加坡年平均降雨量存在准2-6年和18年的周期振荡;亚洲季风以及ENSO对新加坡降雨量有明显的影响。新加坡年雨量的谷值出现在西南季风期而峰值在东北季风期。在El Nino年,新加坡降雨量多为负距平;而在反El Nino年,新加坡降雨量多为正距平。      

复杂环境下35 m倒锥壳水塔定向爆破

上海市闵行区曹行双柏路一座要拆除的高35 m锥壳式钢筋混凝土结构水塔,其周边有创意园、架空管线等,爆破区域周边环境较为复杂,倒塌方向单一,精准控制水塔的倒塌方向及爆破飞石和爆破振动难度较大。结合水塔的结构特点和周边环境因素,通过采取等腰梯形爆破缺口,预开设三角形定向窗的方式,对定向的准确性起到了决定性的作用;采用铺设黄砂和草袋的被动防护方法,竹笆和安全网的主动防护方法相结合的防护方法,可以有效控制爆破振动、飞石对周围的影响。爆破取得了较好的效果。     

冻结裂隙煤岩单轴压缩破坏机制及细观参数反演

煤岩的变形破坏是一个复杂的渐进演化过程, 为了研究冻结条件下裂隙煤岩的破坏机理, 基于CT扫描图像, 应用三维离散元模拟方法, 建立了冻结裂隙煤岩的单轴压缩模型。对比分析数值试验与室内压缩试验得到的应力-应变曲线, 发现二者吻合较好。通过对数值模拟结果的系统分析, 得到了冻结裂隙煤岩的细观结构损伤过程和宏观变形破坏规律, 也发现了煤岩的弹性模量和强度随温度变化的发展规律, 同时给出了煤岩强度和弹性模量与温度的数学关系式。以上研究表明, 离散元模拟方法能够为研究冻结裂隙煤岩的细观损伤演化和宏观破坏变形提供新思路, 可为岩体工程的安全稳定分析提供理论依据和参数基础。     

珠江流域降水干湿时空特征及气候因子影响研究

利用模糊C-均值聚类算法、皮尔逊相关和滑动相关分析等方法,对珠江流域做了气候一致性分析,在此基础上,研究了珠江流域不同分区年降水和干湿季降水变化的时空特征,分析了区域干湿变化与厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(ENSO)、北大西洋涛动(NAO)、印度洋偶极子(IOD)和太平洋10年涛动(PDO)等主要气候因子的遥相关关系,探讨了珠江流域干湿变化的气候成因。在此基础上,进一步研究上述气候指标对不同时间尺度干湿变化影响的平稳性与差异性。除此之外,还研究了气候指标的冷暖期对基于6个月SPI值的珠江流域干湿状态的影响。研究表明:(1)IOD、NAO和ENSO分别是导致珠江流域年降水、湿季降水和干季降水发生变化的主要影响因素,且对当年及下一年降水的影响是相反的。(2)珠江流域不同时间尺度的降水与对其有显著影响的气候指标(年降水与IOD,湿季降水与NAO,干季降水与ENSO),两者之间不同时期的滑动相关往往具有较强的相关性和前后相关一致性。(3)各气候指标对珠江流域不同时间尺度降水的影响在空间分布上不太均匀。(4)不同位相下气候指标对珠江流域干湿状态的影响存在较大差异。总体而言,当处于各气候指标暖期时珠江流域出现湿润期的概率较冷期时更大且在空间分布上更均匀。     

基于云雾与晴空地表混合像元的云雾检测算法

从专家目视判别晴空地表与云雾的原理出发,针对不同时区晴空地表与云雾分离检测算法的难点进行了研究,提出一种适应于不同时区的白天晴空地表与云雾分离的遥感检测算法。应用10幅不同时区MODIS图像对算法的可行性、稳定性及精度进行评定的结果表明,该算法可行性较强,稳定性较高,且不需人工干预。     

半参数模型在高程数据处理中的应用研究

结合二次曲面与半参数模型以及最小二乘配置方程,介绍了基于二次曲面的半参数模型的方法,并用实测数据验证了该方法较经典二次曲面的有效性。通过算例分析,得出该方法可应用于河道断面测量中。