西南三江兰坪盆地大规模成矿的流体动力学过程——流体包裹体和盆地流体模拟证据

中国西南部云南兰坪盆地因金顶Zn-Pn矿床和新发现的白秧坪超大型Cu-Co-Ag矿床而驰名。金顶矿床以白垩系和第三系陆相碎屑岩为主岩,拥有2亿吨矿石,平均品位Zn6.08%、Pb1.29%(1500万吨金属),是目前中国最大的Zn-Pb矿床,也是世界上形成时代最新且唯一产于陆相沉积岩容矿的超大型Zn-Pb矿床。不同于世界上人们公认的沉积岩容矿基本类型,即SST、MVT和Sedex型,金顶矿床也许代表了Zn-Pb矿床的一个新类型。通常认为兰坪盆地大规模成矿流体起源于盆地卤水,流体流动以重力驱动为主,压力体系接近静水压力。但基于矿田内水压破裂观察、流体包裹体研究和盆地流体动力学模拟,我们认为深部超压流体的注入对整个成矿系统起着重要作用。闪锌矿及相关脉石矿物(石英、天青石、方解石、石膏)中流体包裹体观测的均一温度主体在110～150℃,盐度(质量分数)在1.6%～18.0%NaCl;在时间上,大规模成矿主要阶段伴随着流体温度的不断升高和盐度的逐渐降低;在空间上,金顶矿区空间上从东到西,成矿流体温度明显降低,盐度系统性升高。富CO2流体包裹体揭示成矿流体曾高达(513～1364)×105Pa,大大高于静水压力。数值模拟表明,盆地沉积和压实产生的流体超压可以忽略,区域构造推覆也不足以产生如此高的流体压力。我们认为成矿流体超压很可能是幔源流体注入引起的;幔源含矿的相对高温低盐度流体沿导矿构造注入金顶穹隆构造-岩性圈闭并与其中富H2S的相对低温高盐度卤水混合是兰坪盆地大规模成矿的关键动力学过程。这个特殊的流体动力学过程和成矿系统,使兰坪盆地的成矿有别于世界其他沉积盆地已知的成矿作用。     

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综合应用固体潮观测资料求解钻孔应变地震波

由于钻孔内外的介质模型的力学性能不能测定,不能用波动方程来解钻孔应变地震波.为此,利用钻孔应变固体潮观测资料的调和拟合结果,对钻孔应变仪进行标定,或用摆式地震仪测出的位移进行标定,求出钻孔应变的应力响应系数,用平衡方程的解近似地代替波动方程的解.文中还导出了计算地震震级的公式和计算钻孔周围岩石弹性系数的方法,不但解决了上述难题,还使计算大为简化.     

GPS技术在滑坡变形监测中的应用

介绍了GPS技术用于滑坡变形监测的方法,并通过三峡库区某滑坡的变形监测介绍了GPS用于滑坡变形监测的整个过程,包括监测网的技术设计、外业观测、数据处理、变形分析等内容。监测结果表明,GPS静态定位技术可以达到mm级的精度,在变形监测方面有很好优越性,完全可以满足高精度滑坡监测的要求。     

华南飑线升尺度增长过程中的多尺度能量相互作用分析

采用WRF模式对华南飑线的升尺度增长过程进行模拟,利用Barnes滤波将模式数据分解为三个尺度,分别代入相应的能量方程中进行计算,从能量角度研究飑线升尺度增长过程中动能和位能的变化,以及三个尺度系统能量的相互转化.研究表明:动能的变化与飑线过程中各尺度系统的演变有较好的对应,β中小尺度对流的发展对应β中小尺度系统动能的...     

Study on collapse settlement and cracks of core wall rockfill dams under wetting deformation

The safety and stability of core wall rockfill dams during impoundment are threatened by the wetting deformation of up-stream shell materials. The serious wetting deformation not only aggravates the collapse settlement of upstream rockfill but also intensifies differential settlement of the dam crest during impoundment, and then causes cracks on the dam crest. On the basis of the proposed wetting deformation model and its simulation method of wetting deformation, this paper simulated the impoundment process of Guanyinyan core wall rockfill dam and studied the deformation characteristic of the dam during impoundment. In addition, the smeared cracking model was used to simulate the crack propagation on the dam crest, and the crack develop and spread mechanism was analysed. The results show that the simulated deformation can fit the in-situ data well, and the simulated crack propagation is in good agreement with the actual situation. Once watered, the upstream rockfill and core wall have significant settlement, and the whole dam crest has obvious horizontal displacement towards the upstream. It is on the same order of magnitude that the increment of horizontal displacement and settlement at the top of the dam during impoundment. In the process of impoundment, the upper part of the dam tends to deform towards the reservoir area, which will lead to tensile cracks appearing in the rockfill areas on both upstream and downstream sides of the core wall of the dam crest, and the propagation direction of the cracks is basically parallel to the adjacent core wall surface. With the water level rising, the cracks on the downstream side of the dam crest mainly extend vertically, and the cracks on the upstream side of the dam crest not only extend vertically, but also extend horizontally.     

Simplified method for evaluating the response of existing tunnel induced by adjacent excavation

Adjacent excavation may have a negative influence on the existing tunnel underneath. Thus, it is important to evaluate the response of the tunnel due to adjacent excavation. However, there is little report about using the Kerr foundation model to simulate the tunnel-soil interaction. Meanwhile, the Timoshenko beam, which can take the tunnel shearing effect into consideration, is more suitable to estimate the behavior of the tunnel. To simulate the interaction between soil and tunnel, the existing tunnel is simplified as a Timoshenko beam lying on the Kerr foundation model, and a simplified theoretical method is proposed to calculate the response of the existing tunnel induced by adjacent excavation. The proposed method is validated by two field case studies. Results indicate that the predictions given by the proposed method show great agreement with field measurements and it is more accurate to evaluate the tunnel-soil interaction compared with the previous method. The further parametric study shows that the relative position between excavation and tunnel, the ground Young's modulus, the depth of existing tunnel centerline, and length and width of excavation are both significant factors governing the tunnel response induced by adjacent excavation, while the influence of tunnel shear stiffness and skew between tunnel and excavation are slight. The proposed method can be applied to predict the potential risk of existing tunnels induced by adjacent excavation in relevant engineering projects.     

基于MODIS影像的2016—2017年东海赤潮高发期水体时空分布及其气象控制因子分析

近年来,东海区域赤潮灾害频发,对沿海地区的经济发展和海洋生态环境造成了极大的破坏。本研究基于赤潮暴发年2016—2017年夏季MODIS影像数据,采用半经验多光谱识别算法对东海夏季赤潮暴发期的水体类型分布特征进行反演。结果表明,赤潮高发期东海水体类型从近岸向开阔海域呈现浑浊水体 赤潮水体 混合水体 干净水体的时空分布特征。其中,硅藻和甲藻赤潮水体在空间分布上具有相互演替变化的特征。此外,通过对浙江省近岸的大陈站、石浦站和嵊泗站3个站点的气象因子进行主成分分析发现,气温、风速和天空云量对赤潮的生消演替起着积极的促进作用。