Gamma—Ray Bursts：Afterglows and Central Engines

Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are the most intense transient gamma-ray events in the sky; this, together with the strong evidence (the isotropic and inhomogeneous distribution of GRBs detected by BASTE) that they are located at cosmological distances, makes them the most energetic events ever known. For example, the observed radiation energies of some GRBs are equivalent to the total convertion into radiation of the mass energy of more than one solar mass. This is thousand times stronger than the energy of a supernova explosion. Some unconventional energy mechanism and extremely high conversion efficiency for these mysterious events are required. The discovery of host galaxies and association with supernovae at cosmoligical distances by the recently launched satellite of BeppoSAX and ground based radio and optical telescopes in GRB afterglow provides further support to the cosmological origin of GRBs and put strong constraints on their central engine. It is the aim of this article to review the possible central engines, energy mechanisms, dynamical and spectral evolution of GRBs, especially focusing on the afterglows in multi-wavebands.     

江西于都某钨矿区土壤重金属特征及生态风险评价

金属矿产资源的持续开发活动通常会导致矿区土壤重金属含量累积,厘清土壤重金属环境污染特征并评价其生态风险,可为监测土壤环境质量和预防土壤污染提供依据。选择江西于都某百年开采钨矿山,采用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合指数法和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法,对其周边土壤中Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、As、Hg污染特征及潜在生态风险进行调查评价。评价结果表明,研究区土壤受到Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、As等重金属的污染,单因子污染指数分别为6.74、3.72、45.1、3.36、8.88;综合污染评价表明,Cd是主要污染贡献因子,其次为As、Cu、Pb、Zn;土壤综合潜在生态风险指数平均值高达2065,属很强生态风险;强生态风险及以上区域主要分布在矿山周边及矿山下游河道附近,分布面积约占研究区总面积的43.89%;研究区土壤重金属相关性分析表明,Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb之间具有显著的相关性。综合研究结果可知,该区域土壤Cd具有一定的潜在生态风险,应引起充分重视,矿山开发利用可能是导致Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb污染的主要原因。     

两种电离层延迟改正模型对星载单频GPS实时定轨精度的影响

采用单频星载GPS实测伪距和载波相位观测值,结合不同的电离层延迟改正模型进行模拟实时定轨实验,分析单频实时定轨的精度。不同轨道高度的低轨卫星实验结果表明,在卫星轨道较高(500 km以上)时,使用单频伪距观测值与改进的Klobuchar模型,实时定轨位置精度可达0.86 m(三维RMS),速度精度可达0.9 mm/s,接近甚至优于双频伪距实时定轨的轨道精度;使用单频码相无电离层组合观测值时,实时定轨位置精度可达0.54 m,速度精度可达0.55 mm/s。采用合适的电离层延迟改正模型,廉价的单频星载接收机可应用于微小卫星的实时定轨。     

Automatic mapping of lunar landforms using DEM-derived geomorphometric parameters

Developing approaches to automate the analysis of the massive amounts of data sent back from the Moon will generate significant benefits for the field of lunar geomorphology. In this paper, we outline an automated method for mapping lunar landforms that is based on digital terrain analysis. An iterative self-organizing (ISO) cluster unsupervised classification enables the automatic mapping of landforms via a series of input raster bands that utilize six geomorphometric parameters. These parameters divide landforms into a number of spatially extended, topographically homogeneous segments that exhibit similar terrain attributes and neighborhood properties. To illustrate the applicability of our approach, we apply it to three representative test sites on the Moon, automatically presenting our results as a thematic landform map. We also quantitatively evaluated this approach using a series of confusion matrices, achieving overall accuracies as high as 83.34% and Kappa coefficients (K) as high as 0.77. An immediate version of our algorithm can also be applied for automatically mapping large-scale lunar landforms and for the quantitative comparison of lunar surface morphologies.     

Why are halo coronal mass ejections faster?

Halo coronal mass ejections (CMEs) have been to be significantly faster than normal CMEs, which is a long-standing puzzle. In order to solve the puzzle, we first investigate the observed properties of 31 limb CMEs that clearly display loopshaped frontal loops. The observational results show a strong tendency that slower CMEs are weaker in white-light intensity. Then, we perform a Monte Carlo simulation of 20000 artificial limb CMEs that have an average velocity of ～523km s -1. The Thomson scattering of thes...     

建筑物沉降规律的综合时序分析

建筑物的沉降监测数据序列具有趋势变化和随机变化的特点，本文针对两种变化项的特点分别建立相应的数学模型，再将其组合起来建立综合数学模型，从总体上把握沉降数据序列的变化规律。实例计算分析表明，此方法具有较高的拟合精度和预测能力，具有一定的应用参考价值。     

核线影像生成过程中的大图像分块问题

讨论了核线影像生成过程中的大图像分块处理问题 ,给出了按条分块的策略及其有关问题的解决方法。研究成果对其它应用中的大图像分块处理也具有一定的参考价值     

遥测地表温度与比辐射率的迭代反演方法──理论推导与数值模拟

首先在地表比辐射率为已知的条件下,提出一个非线性迭代温度反演模型,我们对不同的地表和大气条件进行了模拟计算,结果表明当大气温度廓线误差－２Ｋ－２Ｋ,水汽廓线误差±２０％时的温度均方根误差为０．４８Ｋ。当大气模式误差一个模式时反演的温度均方根误差为０．８５Ｋ。在此基础上,引人相邻像元的概念,相邻像元的大气状况可以认为是相同的,应用两个时相的遥感影像数据,假定在两个相近时相之间地表比辐射率值不变,建立地表比辐射率与温度的反演模型。我们对不同的地表和大气条件进行了模拟计算,结果表明当大气温度廓线误差－２Ｋ－２Ｋ,水汽廓线误差±２０％时地表温度均方根误差小于１．５Ｋ,地表比辐射率均方根误差小于０．０２,地表辐射均方根误差为１％;当大气温度廓线误差－２Ｋ－２Ｋ,水汽廓线误差±１０％时,地表温度均方根误差小于１．０Ｋ,地表辐射均方根误差小于０．６％。     

地理信息及其元数据标准化

通过对标准化历史的回顾,阐述了数据标准化在当今人类由工业社会向信息化社会迈进中的作用,并根据全球信息高速公路建设对地学研究的挑战,指出了信息化社会中数据标准对信息采集及信息共享的作用;依ＩＳＯ／ＴＣ２１１对地理信息数据描述中元数据的建议,通过对ＩＳＯ及ＣＥＮ标准的分析,提出了建立我国元数据标准的基本思路,对我国地理信息标准化的建设具有重要意义。     

顾及步行习惯的室内导航网络及其生成算法

室内导航网络是实现室内路径规划和导航的基础。针对现有室内导航网络存在拓扑连通结构不合理、生成路径几何形态不自然等问题,本文依据人类长期以来形成的“抄近路”习性及“避碰”安全需求,提出了一种符合人行走习惯的室内导航网络及其自动生成算法。该导航网络将室内可通行空间划分为普通房间和走廊,普通房间内网络映射为房间结点与门结点的直线连接;形状复杂的走廊空间则依据空间尺度和凹凸性被细分为狭窄走廊空间和开阔走廊空间,狭窄走廊空间以中轴线作为路线,开阔走廊空间则将门结点和通道口结点连接形成完全图;最后将房门结点连接到走廊路线,形成完整室内导航网络。试验结果表明:该模型及其生成算法能够依据室内空间尺度对复杂通行空间进行合理分区,生成与空间特征一致的导航网络结构,使得规划生成的最短路径形态更符合人们的行走习惯。