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81.
Parameter estimation for a karst aquifer with unknown thickness using the genetic algorithm method 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:3
The combination of ecological fragility and agricultural activity in the loess hilly–gully regions of western China has received
broad environmental concerns. In this region, rainfall and soil moisture can fatally influence crop production under dry land
farming. In this study, field experiments were conducted, from March 2001 to September 2005, to demonstrate the variation
of soil moisture and fertilizer contents at different depths in slope and terraced lands, and to evaluate the ecological impacts
and economic benefits in the terraced land of Loess Plateau. The results of both field test and Grey model (GM) calculation
show that the terraced land, as compared to the sloping land, in the agricultural area of the Loess Plateau tends to store
and retain much water, promoting more favorable interactions between water and fertilizer. During the months from March to
June of the year with less rainfall, the water supply for crop growth is mainly derived from the deep storage of soil moisture
accumulated from July to September of the previous year. The field experiments indicate that the crop yield of the 3-year-old
terraced lands was 27% higher than that of the sloping lands with slopes greater than 10°, and that the crop yield can increase
by 27.07 to 52.78% in the following cultivation years. In particular, potato was found to be more drought-resistant than winter
wheat, thus it is more suitable for the arid and semi-arid Loess Plateau regions. 相似文献
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83.
为了给岩溶地面塌陷预测、监测、防治和应急措施提供理论依据,全面总结了岩溶地面塌陷的发育规律,认为岩溶、土体和诱发因素是岩溶地面塌陷的三要素。岩溶为土体丧失提供通道和储藏空间。土的工程地质性质决定了土体塌陷方式:“黏土块”坍塌、砂颗粒漏失、软弱土流失;土体塌陷方式决定了土体塌陷机理;据土体塌陷方式提出了由“土洞型塌陷”“沙漏型塌陷”和“泥流型塌陷”构成的岩溶地面塌陷三机理理论:黏性土和密实砂性土层中,在外力作用下,土洞顶板拱效应失效而产生的地面塌陷现象称为土洞型塌陷;由于诱发因素的触发导致可溶岩上方松散砂层中砂颗粒漏失而产生的地面塌陷现象称为沙漏型塌陷;可溶岩上方软弱土体在外力作用下向可溶岩中流失而产生的地面塌陷现象称为泥流型塌陷。三机理理论关注土体塌陷方式,既解释了岩溶地面塌陷现象,更回答了土体“如何塌”的问题。诱发因素是塌陷的外部影响因素,不是塌陷机理的构成要素;诱发因素产生作用力;作用力改变土颗粒运动状态,使土颗粒由“静止→运动”,土体由“稳定→塌陷”。依据三机理理论,提出了岩溶地面塌陷综合地质预测方法,建立了基于三个塌陷机理的土体塌陷确定性预测模型,系统总结了岩溶地面塌陷监测、防治和应急措施方法,形成了从理论到实践的、完整的岩溶地面塌陷思想体系。 相似文献
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86.
Studies on rain-runoff process in the peripheral mountainous area of the Sichuan Basin, which is regarded as a key ecological shelter, will contribute to flood control and environmental protection for the Upper Yangtze River Basin. In two typical catchments--the Fujiang River Catchment and the Wujiang River Catchment, rainfall simulations have been conducted to study the rain-runoff processes of yellow soil and limestone soil in three types of land use--forestland, farmland and grassland. Results showed that (1) within the same rainfall process, overland flow occurs first on farmland, then on grassland, and finally on forestland; (2) soil surface coverage has a great impact on the occurrence and amount of overland flow. The runoff amount can increase 2-4 times after the coverage is removed; (3) the infiltration before the occurrence of overland flow will decrease because of higher gravel contents of soil, but it takes no effect on infiltration once overland flow becomes stable; (4) the runoff coefficient of the limestone soil forestland is greater than that of the yellow soil forest land, but less than that of the farmland; (5) three empirical infiltration models, including Horton' model, Kostiakov' model, and modified Kostiakov' model, were compared by using the observed results under rainfall simulation. The results showed that the Kostiakov' model performed better than both the Horton' model and modified Kostiakov model. According to the results of this research, the Kostiakov's model can be used to simulate rainfall infiltration when water erosion is modeled in the peripheral mountainous area of the Sichuan Basin. 相似文献
87.
This study presents the crustal shear wave velocity structure and radial anisotropy along two linear seismic arrays across the North China Craton (NCC) from ambient noise tomography. About a half to one year long ambient noise data from 87 stations were used for obtaining the inter-station surface wave empirical Green's functions (EGFs) from cross-correlation. Rayleigh and Love dispersion curves within the period band 5–30 s were measured from the EGFs of the vertical and transverse components, respectively. These dispersion data were then used to determine the crustal shear wave velocity structure (VSV and VSH) and radial anisotropy (2(VSH ? VSV) / (VSH + VSV)) from point-wise linear inversion with constraints from receiver function analysis. Our results reveal substantial structural variations among different parts of the NCC. The Bohai Bay Basin in the eastern NCC is underlain by a thin crust (~ 30 km) with relatively low velocities (particularly VSV) and large positive radial anisotropy in the middle to lower crust. Such a crustal structure is no longer of a cratonic type and may have resulted from the widespread tectonic extension and intensive magmatism in this region since late Mesozoic. Beneath the Ordos Basin in the western NCC, the crust is relatively thicker (≥ 40 km) and well stratified, and presents a large-scale low velocity zone in the middle to lower crust and overall weak radial anisotropy except for a localized lower crust anomaly. The overall structural features of this region resemble those of typical Precambrian shields, in agreement with the long-term stability of the region. The crustal structure under the Trans North China Orogen (TNCO, central NCC) is more complicated and characterized by smaller scale velocity variations, strong positive radial anisotropy in the middle crust and rapid change to weak-to-negative anisotropy in the lower crust. These features may reflect complex deformations and crust–mantle interactions, probably associated with tectonic extension and magmatic underplating during the Mesozoic to Cenozoic evolution of the region. Our structural images in combination with previous seismic, geological and geochemical observations suggest that the Phanerozoic lithospheric reactivation and destruction processes may have affected the crust (especially the middle and lower crust) of the eastern NCC, and the effect probably extended to the TNCO, but may have minor influence on the crust of the western part of the craton. 相似文献
88.
89.
Fractal and Multifractal Modeling of Hydrothermal Mineral Deposit Spectrum: Application to Gold Deposits in Abitibi Area, Ontario, Canada 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
ChengQiuming 《中国地质大学学报(英文版)》2003,14(3):199-206
A number of fractal/multifractal methods are introduced for quantifying the mineral de-lmsit spectrum which include a number-size, grade-tonnage model, power spectrmn model,multi-fractal model and an eigeavalue spectrmn model The first two models characterize mineral deposits spec-tra based on relationships among the measures of mineral deposits.These include the number of deposits,size of deposits,concentration and volume of mineral deposits.The last three methods that deal with the spatial-temporal spectra of mineral deposit studies are all expected to be popularized in near future.A case study of hydrothermal gold deposits from the Abitibi area,a world-class mineral district is used to demonstrate the principle as well as the applications of methods proposed in this paper,It has been shown that fractal and multifractal models are generally applicable to modeling of mineral deposits and occurrences.Clusters of mineral deposits were identified by several methods including the power spectral eral deposits in the Timmins and Kirkland Lake camps. 相似文献
90.