长治高温气候特征及分析预报

通过对长治市1977年-2004年6月-8月出现≥35℃的高温天气的地理分布特征、时间和强度等统计研究,给出了高温天气的气候背景。从500hPa高空形势分析,归纳出造成高温天气的四种主要环流形势（两槽一脊型、纬向环流型、大陆暖高型、副高控制型）;分析了风、云、降水等气象要素与高温天气的内在联系。通过850hPa高温预报指标站的选取及数值预报产品的统计分析,给出了高温天气的综合性预报模型。     

A Simulation Study on the Extreme Temperature Events of the 20th Century by Using the BCC_AGCM

Extreme temperature events are simulated by using the Beijing Climate Center Atmospheric General Circulation Model (BCC AGCM) in this paper. The model has been run for 136 yr with the observed external forcing data including solar insolation, greenhouse gases, and monthly sea surface temperature (SST). The daily maximum and minimum temperatures are simulated by the model, and 16 indices representing various extreme temperature events are calculated based on these two variables. The results show that the maximum of daily maximum temperature (TXX), maximum of daily minimum (TNX), minimum of daily maximum (TXN), minimum of daily minimum (TNN), warm days (TX90p), warm nights (TN90p), summer days (SU25), tropical nights (TR20), and warm spell duration index (WSDI) have increasing trends during the 20th century in most regions of the world, while the cold days (TX10p), cold nights (TN10p), and cold spell duration index (CSDI) have decreasing trends. The probability density function (PDF) of warm/cold days/nights for three periods of 1881-1950, 1951- 1978, and 1979-2003 is examined. It is found that before 1950, the cold day/night has the largest probability, while for the period of 1979-2003, it has the smallest probability. In contrast to the decreasing trend of cold days/nights, the PDF of warm days/nights exhibits an opposite trend. In addition, the frost days (FD) and ice days (ID) have decreasing trends, the growing season has lengthened, and the diurnal temperature range is getting smaller during the 20th century. A comparison of the above extreme temperature indices between the model output and NCEP data (taken as observation) for 1948-2000 indicates that the mean values and the trends of the simulated indices are close to the observations, and overall there is a high correlation between the simulated indices and the observations. But the simulated trends of FD, ID, growing season length, and diurnal temperature range are not consistent with the observations and their correlations are low or even negative. This indicates that the model is incapable to simulate these four indices although it has captured most indices of the extreme temperature events.     

The spatial–temporal variations in optical properties of atmosphere aerosols derived from AERONET dataset over China

The spatial–temporal properties of aerosol types over China are studied using the radiance measurements and inversions data at four Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) stations in China. Based on a cluster analysis, five aerosol classes were identified including a coarse-sized dominated aerosol type (presumably dust) and four fine-sized dominated aerosol types ranging from non-absorbing to highly absorbing fine aerosols. The optical properties and seasonal variations of these aerosol types are investigated. The results of analysis show that: (1) the highly absorbing aerosols usually occur in winter, (2) non-absorbing aerosols are frequently observed in summer; (3) coarse-sized dominated aerosols are frequently occurred in spring.     

不同参数化方案对风预报效果影响个例研究

中尺度气象模式对风场的预报效果与参数化方案的适应性紧密相关.以内蒙古高原丘陵地形、江苏平缓的海陆交界地形2种典型下垫面试验风电场为模拟区域,分别用WRFV3.2 （Weather Research and Forecast Model）模式自带的6种物理过程参数化组合方案预报了2010年1月和7月两个风电场区域的风速和风向,对比分析了参数化组合方案差异对风场预报的影响.结果表明：①内蒙古试验区,边界层MRF方案描述的边界层结构较MYJ方案合理;微物理方案WSM3在夏季的风速预报能力优于WSM6,而冬季相反;复杂地形区域的风场预报需考虑陆面过程参数化方案,尤其是夏季降水发生后,陆面过程对于边界层结构的影响增大,选用Noah优于无陆面过程.②江苏试验区,边界层MRF方案描述的边界层结构较MYJ方案合理;1月陆面过程RUC方案优于陆面热量扩散和Noah;7月陆面热量扩散方案优于RUC和Noah.③风向预报6个方案的预报风向统计与实际记录风向统计有较好的一致性,风向概率分布相似,盛行风向一致且稳定.     

河西走廊盛夏一次强沙尘暴天气综合分析

利用常规气象观测资料和NCEP／NCAR月平均再分析资料,对2003年7月20日甘肃河西走廊一次历史上少见的区域性夏季沙尘暴天气进行了分析。研究发现：高空小槽、切变线、热低压是引发夏季沙尘暴的主要天气系统。夏季沙尘暴发生过程中,各测站出现了气压跃升、风速猛增、气温下降、湿度增加等现象,但变化幅度小于春季。夏季沙尘暴云图特征表现为中小尺度云团,TBB≤-35℃的云团在一定程度上能够反映沙尘暴天气的变化。诊断分析表明,沙尘暴爆发前散度场呈低层辐合高层辐散状态,沙尘暴发生在最大垂直速度出现以后,同时水平螺旋度对夏季沙尘暴预报有较好的指示意义,螺旋度正值越大,沙尘暴越强。     

基于GIS的秦岭山地气温空间分布

提出一种以气象站点观测资料为基础,用G IS技术建立山地平均气温分布模型的方法。通过数字高程模型(DEM),获取地形数据,建立山地天文辐射模型。考虑海拔高度、地形等影响气温空间分布因子,建立山地气温分布模型。     

Compositions and source apportionments of atmospheric aerosol during Asian dust storm and local pollution in central Taiwan

A study has been carried out on water soluble ions, trace elements, as well as PM_2.5 and PM_2.5–10 elemental and organic carbon samples collected daily from Central Taiwan over a one year period in 2005. A source apportionment study was performed, employing a Gaussian trajectory transfer coefficient model (GTx) to the results from 141 sets of PM_2.5 and PM_2.5–10 samples. Two different types of PM₁₀ episodes, local pollution (LOP) and Asian dust storm (ADS) were observed in this study. The results revealed that relative high concentrations of secondary aerosols (NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻ and NH₄⁺) and the elements Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and As were observed in PM_2.5 during LOP periods. However, sea salt species (Na⁺ and Cl⁻) and crustal elements (e.g., Al, Fe, Mg, K, Ca and Ti) of PM_2.5–10 showed a sharp increase during ADS periods. Anthropogenic source metals, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and As, as well as coarse nitrate also increased with ADS episodes. Moreover, reconstruction of aerosol compositions revealed that soil of PM_2.5–10 elevated approximately 12–14% in ADS periods than LOP and Clear periods. A significantly high ratio of non-sea salt sulfate to elemental carbon (NSS-SO₄²⁻/EC) of PM_2.5–10 during ADS periods was associated with higher concentrations of non-sea-salt sulfates from the industrial regions of China. Source apportionment analysis showed that 39% of PM₁₀, 25% of PM_2.5, 50% of PM_2.5–10, 42% of sulfate and 30% of nitrate were attributable to the long range transport during ADS periods, respectively.     

PCA-BP神经网络在SO2浓度预报中的应用

将基于主成分分析(PCA)的BP神经网络预报方法引入大气污染预报,建立SO2浓度预报模型.结果表明:应用主成分分析对数据进行前处理,以原始预报因子的主成分作为BP神经网络的输入,降低了数据维数,消除了样本间存在的相关性,大大加快了BP神经网络的收敛速度.对模型进行预报验证,预报值与实际值之间的绝对误差为0.0098,预报值与实际值的相关系数达到0.885,得到较好的预报效果.并且比一般的BP神经网络模型具有较高的拟合和预报精度.     

一种卫星反演海温资料的补缺方法

卫星反演海温资料的补缺问题一直受到气象海洋工作者的关注,本文对海温补缺问题提出一种新的构想.首先对所研究的区域分块处理,对每一块子区域海温缺失部分进行Kriging方法插值,并利用历史资料,将海温缺失部分构成一个时间序列,借助于Kalman滤波,得到滤波以后的海温,然后对插值与滤波后的海温进行数据拟合.在拟合过程中引入区域信息量V,在不同象素点参数条件下拟合出最优拟合参βα、β并进行误差估计,实际试验表明子区域选取200×200个象素点,并把整张云图分为144块区域,对海温补缺效果十分明显.本文为海温补缺提供了一种全新的,具有较高精度且实际业务系统可操作的方法.     

用TRMM资料研究江淮、华南降水的微波特性

热带测雨卫星TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) 于1997年11月发射成功, 其首次携带了空载雷达, 有关资料已在网上对公众发布。利用热带测雨卫星上的微波成像仪TMI (TRMM Microw ave Imager) 资料以及其和测雨雷达TRMM/PR (Precipitation Radar) 资料联合反演的地面瞬时降水产品, 采用散射指数 (Is) 法从理论上探讨了我国江淮、华南降水尤其是暴雨的微波特性, 其中Is表达式通过江淮、华南晴空TMI资料统计回归得到。以联合反演的地面瞬时降水产品为真值, 用面积相当法对14个降水个例求Is降水阈值, 研究了阈值和降水面积以及85.5 GHz垂直通道最低亮温的关系, 并寻求了Is和降水的相关特征。研究表明:Is降水阈值随降水面积的增大或85.5 GHz垂直通道最低亮温的降低有增高的趋势; Is与强对流性降水瞬时雨强对应很好, Is≥60 K是一个好的暴雨指标。最后进行了初步的雨强反演试验研究, 由于TMI资料分辨率的提高以及时空配合较好的真值, 反演的地面瞬时降水与真值相关效果大大提高。