玉米秸秆带状覆盖对西北旱地土壤温度及马铃薯产量的影响

设黑膜大垄（M1）、玉米秸秆带状平覆（M2）、玉米秸秆带状垄沟覆杆（M3）和不覆盖露地平作（CK）4个处理进行田间小区试验,对比研究不同覆盖方式对西北旱地土壤温度及马铃薯产量的影响。结果表明：M1较CK提高全生育期土壤温度0.98℃,主要提高了块茎膨大期5 cm土层（2015年）及淀粉积累期10 cm土层（2016年）的土壤温度;M2、M3较CK降低全生育期土壤温度1.06℃、0.59℃,主要降低了块茎形成期10 cm土层的土壤温度。两年M1、M2、M3分别平均较CK增产11.68%、21.74%、16.88%。产量与淀粉积累期至收获期单株结薯数、单株产量正相关（r=0.064~0.766）,覆盖处理显著较CK提高淀粉积累期单株结薯数及单株产量,平水年以M1最好,偏旱年以M2最好。     

农户行为视角下的乡村生产空间系统运行机制及重构启示

农户行为转变是乡村生产空间系统量变或从量变到质变的重要驱动力,乡村生产空间系统的运行实质上是农户行为作用的外在表现,厘清农户行为可为诠释乡村生产空间系统的运行机制提供平台。本文在剖析农户行为转变与乡村生产空间系统运行响应的理论框架基础上,从农户行为转变和乡村生产空间系统响应入手构建指标体系,建立模糊综合评价量化模型,并以重庆市江津区恒和村作为实证,诠释乡村生产空间系统运行机制。主要研究结论为：不同农户行为对乡村生产空间系统运行的影响程度各异,大体为生产大户>合作社农户>传统农户;不同农户行为对系统运行响应结果的作用差异明显,生产大户行为主要影响乡村生产空间的利用效率,合作社农户行为对提升生产空间系统经济效益作用明显,传统农户行为对生产空间系统环境改善的贡献作用最小。并从经济、社会、空间重构视角提出发展多种形式的适度规模化经营、培育新型农业经营主体和职业农民、合理引导农户技术和资本投入等建议,以实现乡村生产空间系统协调与均衡发展。     

Early middle Holocene climate oscillations recorded in the Beihuqiao Core,Yuhang, Zhejiang Province,China

A long-standing controversy exists concerning the spatial and temporal characteristics of Holocene climate change in China. Zhejiang is located in the southeast of China, where the East Asian monsoon dominates the climate and a Neolithic culture flourished. In recent years, geographers have debated the climatic conditions existing at the time of the Neolithic cultures. This study reconstructed the sedimentary environment between 11.30 and 4.17 cal ka BP based on a multi-proxy analysis of a 14.3 meter sediment core, drilled in Beihuqiao, Zhejiang Province, China. The results show: (1) The climate was getting warm between 11.50 and 8.77 cal ka BP. Grain size became finer from the bottom to the top layer, accompanied by an increase in the chemical index of alteration (CIA), Mg/Sr ratio, the percentage of clay, pollen concentrations, and a decrease in SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio, and the value of bases–alumina (ba), as well as other trace elements. (2) Between 8.77 and 7.99 cal ka BP, the sediment is composed of gray-yellow and gray silt. The percentage of CaO and the ratio of CaO + Na₂O + K₂O to Al₂O₃ is much higher. The pollen concentration sharply decreases. The climate was cold and dry in the early stages of this period, but became relatively warmer and wetter in the later stages. (3) The Holocene Climatic Optimum occurred at 7.99–5.68 cal ka BP. Higher contents of clay, total Fe₂O₃, Al₂O₃, CIA, the chemical proxy of alteration, pollen concentration, evergreen pollens, and high values of Mg/Sr are observed at this stage, coinciding with a lower SiO₂/Al₂O₃ value, (CaO + Na₂O + K₂O)/Al₂O₃ ratio, and an obvious reduction in silt/clay, and SiO₂ and CaO concentrations. (4) During the period 5.68–4.17 cal ka BP, the temperature in the study area declined in a stepwise fashion. The grain size became finer, and the Mg/Sr ratio decreased gradually.     

北京不同区域气溶胶辐射效应

采用大气辐射传输模式SES2以及2013年1月—2015年10月欧洲中期天气预报中心细网格再分析资料计算了北京地区4个观测站地面接收的短波辐射通量,分析了晴天和云天北京城郊气溶胶对总辐射的定量影响时空变化特征。结果表明:北京城区和近郊区气溶胶对总辐射的影响约为远郊区的2倍,北京南部和西部气溶胶对辐射的影响较大,晴天和云天北京城区和近郊区气溶胶对总辐射的削减值分别为146.23~180.99 W·m-2和202.11~217.02 W·m-2,晴天总辐射削减空间差异较大;秋冬季气溶胶对总辐射的影响明显大于春夏季,北京市观象台秋冬季气溶胶对总辐射的削减作用最大可达60%,较春夏季高10%~20%;北京城郊总辐射和直接辐射削减率与气溶胶光学厚度变化均呈线性关系,近地面PM_2.5浓度对辐射的影响不容忽视。     

德州一次沙尘天气过程成因及气溶胶粒子的输送路径分析

利用NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料分析了2017年5月4日浮尘和5月5日扬沙天气的成因。结果表明：3日20时—4日08时,蒙古气旋在有利的环流背景下迅速发展,配合冷锋在内蒙古中部和东部形成大范围的强沙尘天气;4日20时—5日08时沙尘通过高空气流输送到华北地区,在自身沉降和较强下沉气流的共同作用下,迅速沉降形成华北地区大范围的浮尘天气;5日08—14时由于西北路冷空气影响,横槽转竖,冷锋加速南下,将大量沙源地的沙尘输送到德州造成扬沙天气。通过HYSPLIT模式对本次过程中气团后向轨迹的模拟,证实以上两个阶段沙尘天气过程中的输送方式及路径。通过分析影响系统、物理量和气象要素发现,蒙古国、我国内蒙古中部沙源地天气系统强度、位置的变化直接影响沙尘天气的类型,高层气流变化与沙尘天气的类型有很好的对应关系。     

2006—2015年山东短时强降水时空分布特征

利用山东2006—2015年5—9月123个国家级气象观测站10 a逐小时降水量资料,统计分析了山东短时强降水的时空分布特征,结果表明：1）站次时空分布不均。鲁南易出现短时强降水,2013年最多,达到了564站次,7月最多,平均207站次,多出现在傍晚前后和凌晨。2）极值时空分布差异较大。10 a单站极值大值区分布在鲁西北、鲁南和半岛东部,2009年最多,为17站,且多夜间发生;10 a中年度极值均出现在13:00—次日02:00,8月最多,为7次。3）5、6、9月局地和小范围短时强降水天气过程所占比例较大,7—8月大范围短时强降水过程明显增加。     

利用太阳法自动标定L波段探空雷达天线指向

L波段探空雷达方位、仰角的标定通常借助北极星和经纬仪来完成,对其正确性缺乏可靠有效的检验工具,本文利用高精度的太阳位置算法,采用Python语言进行程序设计和封装,根据台站实际经纬度、太阳赤纬角和时差,从理论上计算出太阳实时位置去标定雷达天线指向,并在多个台站进行了测试和偏差分析,其精度为≤0.3°,参考国内新一代天气雷达天线波束指向定标技术指标(≤0.3°),其精度达到相关业务要求。同时,该算法软件还能为探空员日常检查雷达性能,判断雷达有无故障提供更为快捷的手段,确保探空资料的可靠性。     

Python在FY 2G定量业务产品自动可视化中的应用

利用Python语言实现了每日对CMACast下发的最新风云二号G星(FY-2G)云导风(AMV)和射出长波辐射(OLR)两个定量业务产品的实时自动解码和可视化出图,并与国家卫星气象中心下发的卫星天气应用平台(SWAP)的显示进行了对比。结果表明:两者显示一致。在显示所有AMV文件风矢量数据的前提下,本文可视化产品较目前版本SWAP的显示更为疏密均匀,没有出现重叠现象;Python出图自带的高洛德(Gouraud)明暗处理渲染方式则在对OLR格点产品可视化显示中提供了一种更为平滑,细腻的方法。利用本研究方法对风云二号卫星定量产品进行可视化具备自动化和视觉美观的特点,值得在基层气象部门业务中推广。     

地形对台风“海燕”暴雨增幅作用的观测与模拟

1330号台风"海燕"过程影响海南岛的强降水落区和强降水极值点(毛感乡)均位于南部地区,利用海南省区域加密自动站、三亚多普勒雷达以及0.25°×0.25°ERA-interim再分析资料对强降水成因进行观测分析,应用WRF Ver3.1.1模式对"海燕"进行模拟试验。结果表明:(1)"海燕"从海南岛南部近海北上阶段,其外围的偏东风或偏南风与五指山、吊罗山形成向南开口的"厂"字形地形正交,加密自动站和多普勒雷达在五指山区及"厂"字形地形南侧均探测到多个β中尺度风向辐合切变线或气旋性辐合涡旋,毛感乡附近存在明显的风向辐合,地面辐合中心与小时雨量大值区基本吻合。(2)"厂"字形地形迎风坡的强迫抬升导致气流垂直速度增大,毛感乡附近存在的水平的β中尺度辐合切变和垂直的β中尺度环流,有利于边界层辐合和中高层辐散增强,降水显著增幅。(3)数值模拟的强降水落区和降水极值点与实况基本一致,极值雨量较实况偏小;地形对山区及山脉迎风(背风)坡的雨量增(减)幅作用明显;有地形时,在五指山区及"厂"字形地形南侧容易产生β中尺度风向辐合区。     

Acidity of Aerosols during Winter Heavy Haze Events in Beijing and Gucheng,China

We investigated the acidity and concentrations of water-soluble ions in PM_(2.5) aerosol samples collected from an urban site in Beijing and a rural site in Gucheng, Hebei Province from November 2016 to January 2017 to gain an insight into the formation of secondary inorganic species. The average SO_4~(2–), NO_3~–, and NH_4~+ concentrations were 8.3,12.5, and 14.1 μg m~(–3), respectively, at the urban site and 14.0, 14.2, and 24.2 μg m~(–3), respectively, at the rural site.The nitrogen and sulfur oxidation ratios in urban Beijing were correlated with relative humidity(with correlation coefficient r = 0.79 and 0.67, respectively) and the aerosol loadings. Based on a parameterization model, we found that the rate constant of the heterogeneous reactions for SO_2 on polluted days was about 10 times higher than that on clear days, suggesting that the heterogeneous reactions in the aerosol water played an essential role in haze events.The ISORROPIA II model was used to predict the aerosol pH, which had a mean(range) of 5.0(4.9–5.2) and 5.3(4.6–6.3) at the urban and rural site, respectively. Under the conditions with this predicted pH value, oxidation by dissolved NO_2 and the hydrolysis of N_2O_5 may be the major heterogeneous reactions forming SO_4~(2–) and NO_3~– in haze.We also analyzed the sensitivity of the aerosol p H to changes in the concentrations of SO_4~(2–), NO_3~–, and NH_4~+ under haze conditions. The aerosol p H was more sensitive to the SO_4~(2–) and NH_4~+ concentrations with opposing trends, than to the NO_3~– concentrations. The sensitivity of the p H was relatively weak overall, which was attributed to the buffering effect of NH_3 partitioning.