利用模拟退火法反演大陆地震位置

为了精确得到大陆地震震源位置,利用模拟退火法对大陆地震参数进行反演,并对改变算法中相关参数后的反演结果进行分析,表明反演精度受降温速度和收敛阈值的影响较大,初始温度只影响迭代次数,模拟退火法在对模型参数进行全局搜索情况下能获得质量较好的最优解。     

2008年汶川8.0级地震孕震机理研究

用三维流变非连续变形与有限元相结合（DDA+FEM）的方法,在青藏高原及邻近地区三维构造块体相互制约的大背景中,考虑了龙门山断裂带东西两侧地势、地壳厚度和分层的明显变化,及断裂带东侧四川盆地及鄂尔多斯块体坚硬地壳阻挡的影响,通过用GPS资料做位移速率边界约束和震源机制约束,计算得到研究区的速度场和应力场与该地区GPS测量结果和震源机制分布结果基本一致.在此基础上,模拟计算现今构造块体边界断层上表征剪应力及法向应力等综合影响的危险度分布.结果表明,上、中地壳层危险度分布中危险度较高的地段多数与近几十年来发生的七级以上大震区域基本一致.包括2008年汶川8.0级等大震的发震断层.通过分别对龙门山断裂带东西两侧的两种不同构造格局进行试算表明,龙门山断裂带东西两侧地势、地壳厚度、分层与物性明显变化对汶川大震的孕育发生均起了关键性作用.计算得到的应变率强度分布图可见,高原东部整个边缘地带均接近应变率强度的陡变带.其中以龙门山断裂带上的陡变最为明显,西侧应变率强度是东侧的近4倍,而且断裂带东侧应变率强度等值线衰减比西侧快.反映了汶川大震逆冲型发震断层地区独特的特征.此外,由计算得到的应变能密度分布图可见,龙门山断裂带在上、中地壳层中均位于宽度相同、其走向与龙门山断裂带走向一致的高应变能密度带中,在上地壳层这个带的东西两侧则是应变能密度较低的地区,而在中地壳层,其强度在断裂带东侧逐渐向东衰减,西侧应变能密度高,而东侧应变能密度较低.表明在印度板块强烈推挤作用和高原各构造块体相互制约及龙门山断裂带东西两侧特殊构造环境中,高原地壳物质向东水平运动,受到龙门山断裂带东侧介质刚性强度较大的四川盆地阻挡,使得汶川大震发震断层在大震前已积累了相当水平的应变能,并同时处于力学上的不稳定状态.     

甘青地区中晚全新世植被变化与人类活动

史前时期人类对环境的影响是近几年来国际研究的热点。在甘青地区，全新世的孢粉资料比较多。但在中晚全新世，该区人类对环境的影响作用及其程度仍不清楚，许多孢粉分析资料中并没有充分考虑人类活动的影响。本文选取孢粉分辨率较高、代表性较好的青海湖、兰州、秦安大地湾三地的资料，着重研究了其中乔木成分的变化。分析发现，孢粉组合中乔木成分的变化与气候变化的趋势并不一致。通过对考古及历史资料的分析，笔者认为，该区的植被很早就受到人类活动的影响。自全新世中期，本区植被中的乔木成分波动下降。5000－3000a BP期间，史前农业对植被的影响较大。3000－2000a BP期间，植被略有恢复。2000a BP以后，人为影响加剧，植被中乔木成分迅速下降。研究者认为，依赖孢粉资料重建中晚全新世的气候变化历史应当慎重。     

机载激光水深测量误差分析

详细分析了机载激光水深测量的各种误差,着重讨论了IMU姿态测量误差对机载激光定位的影响。根据实际可能的误差数据,并联合扫描角误差、测距误差和平台坐标系原点误差进行计算分析,得出了不同的量测误差对目标3维定位误差的综合影响。     

Identifying the Sources of Solutes in Karst Groundwater in Chongqing,China: a Combined Sulfate and Strontium Isotope Approach

Groundwater from karst subterranean streams is among the world’s most important sources of drinking water supplies, and the hydrochemical characteristics of karst water are impacted by both natural environment and people. Therefore, the study of hydrochemistry and its solutes’ sources is very important to ensure the normal function of life support systems. In this paper, thirty?five representative karst groundwater samples were collected from different aquifers (limestone and dolomite) and various land use types in Chongqing to trace the sources of solutes and relative hydrochemical processes. Hydrogeochemical types of karst groundwater in Chongqing were mainly of the Ca?HCO3 type or Ca (Mg)?HCO3 type. However, some hydrochemical types of karst groundwater were the K+Na+Ca?SO4 type (G25 site) or Ca?HCO3+SO4 type (G26 and G14 site), indicating that the hydrochemistry of these sites might be strongly influenced by anthropogenic activities or unique geological characteristics. The dissolved Sr concentrations of the studied groundwater ranged from 0.57 to 15.06 μmmol/L, and the 87Sr/86Sr varied from 0.70751 to 0.71627. The δ34S?SO42? fell into a range of ?6.8‰?21.5‰, with a mean value of 5.6‰. The variations of both 87Sr/86Sr and Sr values of the groundwater samples indicated that the Sr element was controlled by the weathering of limestone, dolomite and silicate rock. However, the figure of 87Sr/86Sr vs. Sr2+/[K++Na+] showed that the anthropogenic inputs also obviously contributed to the Sr contents. For tracing the detailed anthropogenic effects, we traced the sources of solutes collected karst groundwater samples in Chongqing according to the δ34S value of potential sulfate sources. The variations of both δ34S and 1/SO42? values of the groundwater samples indicated that the atmospheric acid deposition (AAD), dissolution of gypsum (GD), oxidation of sul?de mineral (OS) or anthropogenic inputs (SF: sewage or fertilizer) have contributed to solutes in karst groundwater. The influence of oxidation of sul?de mineral, atmospheric acid deposit and anthropogenic inputs to groundwater in Chongqing karst areas was much widespread.     

Numerical simulation on excavation-induced damage of rock under quasi-static unloading and dynamic disturbance

During the excavation of underground opening, the rock may experience a complex loading path that includes the highly confined compression before excavation, unloading of confining stress and further disturbance of dynamic loading after excavation. By using Rock Failure Process Analysis for Dynamics (RFPA-Dynamics), the failure of rock sequentially subjected to this complex loading path is numerically simulated, in order to examine the rock failure mechanism induced by excavation. The RFPA-Dynamics is firstly used to reproduce the failure of rock under confined compression, followed by unloading of confining pressure, and it is validated against with the existing experimental observation. Then, the failure characteristics of rock specimen sequentially subjected to the quasi-static triaxial loading, unloading of confining pressure and dynamic disturbance are numerically simulated, where the effect of magnitude of axial loading and confining pressure, and duration and amplitude of the dynamic disturbance on the final failure patterns of rock are examined. The numerical results indicate that the arc-shaped spalling damage zone is prone to develop with the increase in the axial pressure and lateral pressure coefficient. As for the effect of dynamic disturbance, the contribution of duration and amplitude of dynamic disturbance on the energy input are similar, where the area of damage zone increases with the energy input into the rock specimen. In this regard, the area of the damage zone is influenced by both the magnitude of in situ stress and waveform of dynamic disturbance. This study denotes that it is of great significance to trace the complex loading path induced by excavation in order to capture the rock failure mechanism induced by underground excavation.     

舟曲“8．8”特大泥石流治理中的关键技术研究

舟曲“8．8”特大泥石流灾后治理中的关键技术研究是治理工程首先需要解决的问题,包括3个关系,即泥石流流量与排导沟断面关系、泥石流冲击力与拦挡坝强度关系、泥石流物源级配与柔性防护拦疏关系。提出了长流水小排水槽、一般山洪泥石流中排导槽、特大山洪泥石流生态景观休闲大缓冲区的设计理念,解决了百年一遇泥石流对排导沟流量与断面的设计要求。提出用钢混结构重力式拦挡墙替代原有浆砌块石重力式拦挡墙,满足了坝体对冲击力与强度的关系。建议在流通区设置SNS柔性防护网,采用钢丝绳环形网在发挥拦挡的同时达到泄水的要求。研究成果对于舟曲泥石流灾后治理设计方案具有科学价值。     

Interannual sea level variability in the South China Sea and its response to ENSO

Sea level observed by altimeter during the 1993–2004 period, thermosteric sea level from 1945 through 2004, and tide gauge records are analyzed to investigate the interannual variability of sea level in the South China Sea (SCS) and its relationship with ENSO (El Niño and Southern Oscillation). Both the interannual variations of the observed sea level and the thermosteric sea level are closely related to ENSO. An ‘enigma’ that the SST and sea level in the SCS have inverse response to ENSO is revealed. It is found that the thermosteric sea level has an excellent correspondence to seawater temperature at 100 m depth, and their variations are unsynchronized to SST. Detailed analysis denotes that the warming of seawater occurs only in the upper 75 m during and after the mature phase of El Niño, while the cooling appears in the layers deeper than 75 m during El Niño years. The volume transports between the SCS and the adjacent oceans and the anomalous Ekman pumping contribute a lot for the sea level fall in the developing stage of El Niño, while the mass exchange, which is dominated by precipitation, plays a more significant role in the following continuous negative sea level anomalies.     

公路桥超长群桩的有效桩长研究

针对公路桥梁超长群桩的有效桩长问题,对国内公路桥梁桩基的荷载状况进行统计分析,得出桩顶应力主要分布在6～21 MPa范围。进行了长径比为96的桩间距分别为3D、4.5D和6D的3组不同群桩的超长群桩模型试验,得到3种不同桩间距的超长群桩中单桩轴力随着不同荷载的分布图,按照桩身轴力趋于0的桩截面的深度确定有效桩长,并利用指数函数关系分别拟合了3种不同桩间距的桩顶应力与有效桩长之间的关系。根据竖向荷载作用下群桩模型试验与实际原型之间的相似关系,确定公路桥超长群桩与荷载对应的有效桩长取值范围,研究了超长群桩的有效桩长与桩间距之间的关系,并对桥梁桩基有效桩长的取值与桩间距提出了建议。     

广西钦甲花岗岩体单颗粒锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年及其地质意义

本文对钦甲花岗岩体进行了详细的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素年龄测定.这些锆石的阴极发光图像发育环带结构,Th/U值较高(大于0.1),具有岩浆成因锆石的特征.研究结果表明,钦甲花岗岩体为一复式岩体,其不同单元锆石的206Pb/238U加权平均年龄分别为412.4±1.8 Ma、434.8±1.7 Ma、442....