ACTUAL ANALYSIS AND THEORETICAL SIMULATION ON POSITION OF SUBTROPICAL HIGHS OVER WESTERN PACIFIC

In this paper,using a nonlinear low-order barotropic system with orography and momentum forcing aswell as dissipation,we have theoretically calculated the two kinds of curves for the seasonal northward movementof subtropical highs.It has been shown that the theoretical results resemble basically with the analysed resultsof wave spectrum data.     

Predictability of the atmosphere

This paper makes a review on the predictability of the atmosphere. The essential problems of predictability theo-ry, i.e., how a deterministic system changes to an undeterministic system (chaos) and how is the opposite (order within chaos), are discussed. Some applications of predictability theory are given.     

固体地球-海洋-大气耦合的一个简单线性模式及其试验结果

选取实际的海陆边界，建立了一个固体地球-海洋-大气耦合的简单线性模式，模式中包含了地气角动量守恒的关系，地转变速摩擦力对大气的作用，风吹流改变海温异常，海温异常又改变大气的质量分布。在无外源作用于地球系统的情况下，地球系统内部的各个部分(纬向风、海温和地转速度)都存在着准两年振荡(QBO)，由此可见，QBO是地球系统内部的一种固有振荡。     

Strategy and methodology of dynamical analogue prediction

In order to effectively improve numerical prediction level by using current models and data, the strategy and methodology of dynamical analogue prediction (DAP) is deeply studied in the present paper. A new idea to predict the prediction errors of dynamical model on the basis of historical analogue information is put forward so as to transform the dynamical prediction problem into the estimation problem of prediction errors. In terms of such an idea, a new prediction method of final analogue correction of errors (FACE) is developed. Furthermore, the FACE is applied to extra-seasonal prediction experiments on an operational atmosphere-ocean coupled general circulation model. Prediction results of summer mean circulation and total precipitation show that the FACE can to some extent reduce prediction errors, recover prediction variances, and improve prediction skills. Besides, sensitive experiments also show that predictions based on the FACE are evidently influenced by the number of analogues, analogue-selected variables and analogy metric.     

Neutrino luminosity by the ordinary URCA process in an intense magnetic field

The neutrino luminosity by the ordinary URCA process in a strongly magnetized electron gas is computed. General formulae are presented for the URCA energy loss rates for an arbitrary degree of degeneracy. Analytic expressions are derived for a completely degenerate, relativistic electron plasma in the special case of neutron-proton conversion. Numerical results are given for more general cases.The main results are as follows: the URCA energy loss rates are drastically reduced for the regime of great degeneracy by a factor up to 10^–3 for 1, andT ₉10, where =H/H _q ,H _q =m ² c ³/eh=4.414×10¹³ G. In the non-degenerate regime the neutrino luminosity is enhanced approximately linearly with for the temperature range 1T ₉10. Possible applications to white dwarfs and neutron stars are briefly discussed.We have been recently informed that in Gamow home-dialect (Odessa dialect) URCA means thief — (Private communication from Prof. G. Wataghin).     

Late Triassic sauropodomorph and Middle Jurassic theropod tracks from the Xichang Basin,Sichuan Province,southwestern China:First report of the ichnogenus Carmelopodus

Upper Triassic and Middle Jurassic strata of the Xichang Basin in Sichuan Province, southwestern China, yielded important dinosaur ichnofossils. From the Xujiahe Formation of the Yiguojiao tracksite, we report a Late Triassic footprint assemblage in China and the first discovery of diagnostic Triassic sauropodomorph tracks in this region. The tracks share a number of features in common with the ichnogenera Eosauropus(Late Triassic) and Liujianpus(Early Jurassic). The neighboring Bingtu tracksite is stratigraphically younger(Shaximiao Formation, Middle Jurassic) and preserves small tridactyl theropod tracks that represent the first occurrence of the ichnotaxon Carmelopodus in China and Asia. While these tracks are morphologically comparable to those from the Middle Jurassic type locality in North America, the specimens from China show the proximal margin of the digit IV impression in a more cranial position, which may indicate a trackmaker with a relatively short metatarsal IV. In addition to the skeletal record, the Carmelopodus footprints document the presence of small theropods in the dinosaur fauna of the Middle Jurassic Shaximiao Formation.     

Interface between fluid- and solid-like behaviour in rapid granular flows down bumpy inclines

Gravity-driven granular flows down bumpy inclined surfaces were investigated. The flows consist of a bottom region of an amorphous solid-like granular material interacting with a top region of rapidly agitated grains. Chou theoretically analysed these granular flows by employing the constitutive theory, the corresponding boundary conditions and the continuity conditions at the interface. By making use of Chou's model, the research work reported here investigated the effects of the inclination, coefficient of restitution and boundary geometry on the profiles of solid concentration, mean velocity and granular temperature. The direction of the energy flux at the bumpy surfaces, as well as the flow depth for both the active and passive layers were also observed. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

统计-动力相结合的相似误差订正法

根据大气相似性原理,提出了利用历史资料的相似信息估计模式误差的反问题,并发展了一种相似误差订正(ACE)方法。该方法将统计和动力两种方法有机结合,在不改变现有数值预报模式的前提下,既充分利用了动力学发展的成就,又能够有效提取大量历史资料中的相似信息,达到减小模式误差、改进当前预报的目的。而且,ACE方法能够针对当前预报的特殊性来区分所利用过去资料的特殊性,提取历史相似信息间接求解反问题。定性分析表明,ACE方法与以往相似-动力模式原理是等价的,但无需重新建立复杂的相似离差预报模式,更具可行性和业务应用前景。在理想化的极限情形下,当数值模式或历史相似完全准确时,ACE方法的预报结果将分别蜕变为动力或统计学方法的预报结果。     

Hysteretic model development and seismic response of unbonded post‐tensioned precast CFT segmental bridge columns

The study investigated the cyclic behavior of unbonded, post‐tensioned, precast concrete‐filled tube segmental bridge columns by loading each specimen twice. Moreover, a stiffness‐degrading flag‐shaped (SDFS) hysteretic model was developed based on self‐centering and stiffness‐degrading behaviors. The proposed model overcomes the deficiency of cyclic behavior prediction using a FS model, which self‐centers with fixed elastic and inelastic stiffnesses. Experimental and analytical results showed that (1) deformation capabilities of the column under the first and second cyclic tests were similar; however, energy dissipation capacities significantly differed from each other, and (2) the SDFS model predicted the cyclic response of the column better than the FS model. Inelastic time‐history analyses were performed to demonstrate the dynamic response variability of a single‐degree‐of‐freedom (SDOF) system using both models. A parametric study, performed on SDOF systems subjected to eight historical earthquakes, showed that increased displacement ductility demand was significant for structures with a low period and low‐to‐medium yield strength ratio and reduced displacement ductility demand in these systems was effectively attained by increasing energy dissipation capacity. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Three-dimensional decomposition method of global atmospheric circulation

By adopting the idea of three-dimensional Walker, Hadley and Rossby stream functions, the global atmospheric circulation can be considered as the sum of three stream functions from a global per- spective. Therefore, a mathematical model of three-dimensional decomposition of global atmospheric circulation is proposed and the existence and uniqueness of the model are proved. Besides, the model includes a numerical method leading to no truncation error in the discrete three-dimensional grid points. Results also show that the three-dimensional stream functions exist and are unique for a given velocity field. The mathematical model shows the generalized form of three-dimensional stream func- tions equal to the velocity field in representing the features of atmospheric motion. Besides, the vertical velocity calculated through the model can represent the main characteristics of the vertical motion. In sum, the three-dimensional decomposition of atmospheric circulation is convenient for the further in- vestigation of the features of global atmospheric motions.