2001年夏季胶州湾浮游植物群落结构的特征

本文根据 2 0 0 1年 8月 2 0～ 2 2日期间对胶州湾海域进行的大面积调查资料 ,对浮游植物的群落结构进行了初步研究。结果表明 ,浮游植物群落主要由沿岸暖水性种类组成 ,以硅藻为主 ,还有少量的甲藻、金藻和绿藻。湾中央出现的种类最多 ,湾口其次 ,湾边缘最少。细胞数量的高值区出现在B断面和 A5站周围的水域 ,低值区出现 D断面和 E断面。此外 ,对群落多样性的研究表明 ,Shannon指数在湾北部的多数站位高于湾南部水域 ,在 D2和 B1站出现 2个低值区 ;Margalef指数在湾内东部和 D4站周围水域明显高于湾内西部和湾口水域 ;均匀度则在 B1和 D2站周围水域偏高。浮游植物群落同营养盐的相关分析表明 ,调查期氨盐和磷酸盐是影响浮游植物生长的主要营养盐 ,中肋骨条藻、浮动弯角藻和旋链角毛藻等几种优势种类决定了这一关系     

全球碳循环研究中的δ13C方法及其进展

随着分析技术的进步,δ13C观测在全球碳循环研究中越来越受到重视。在讨论关于碳循环中δ13C的Suess效应、分布特征和同位素分馏等基本概念的基础上,结合现有的观测事实,介绍应用δ13C辨别碳的源汇问题的方法,通过比较不同KeelingPlot方法分析该方法在研究大气CO2背景特征中的意义。着重讨论δ13C在研究大气C...     

基于模态逼近的EOF重构算法重建公元1250年以来北半球地表气温空间格局

随着气候场重建数据在揭示气候动力机制以及与数值模式模拟相结合等方面的应用, 它在气候变化研究领域中的实用性和重要性已得到广泛认可。因此, 关于空间格局重建方法的研究也就显得尤为重要。本文提出了一种新的气候场重建方法, 即模态逼近的经验正交函数分解方法。该方法利用代用资料与器测资料不同空间模态之间的协调性, 采用模态逐次逼近, 从而实现对过去无器测资料覆盖的气候场的重建。基于该方法, 本文利用549个树轮序列重建了北半球(22.5°N以北)公元1250年以来的地表气温空间场。为验证该方法的有效性, 设计了多组验证试验, 结果均表明该重建方法能够较好的再现器测数据的年代际尺度变率特征。最终重建结果表明, 与已有研究结果相比, 该方法重建出的北半球小冰期(1400~1700年)平均气候状态的空间格局特征与基于多组气候模式集合平均在该时段的模拟结果更为接近。另外, 为体现重建结果对外强迫的响应特征, 本文比较了在不同强度(强、中等、弱)典型火山年的空间格局差异, 发现高纬度地区对火山外强迫相比于中低纬地区更加敏感, 这与已有的基于数值模式模拟研究的结论基本一致。综合以上讨论, 证明了该方法在气候场重建方面的有效性和应用潜力。     

广东麒麟绿钙闪石巨晶的地球化学特征

本文对罕见的幔源绿钙闪石巨晶进行了综合的地球化学分析，主要元素，稀土微量元素和Ｓｒ，Ｎｄ同位素的特征表明；绿钙闪石巨晶是碱性玄武岩浆在地幔条件下的结晶产物；相对于寄主玄武岩，绿钙闪石巨晶均属捕虏晶，它们与共存的橄榄岩包体无成因联系，其形成可能与共存的黑色包体有关。     

Prevention of water and quicksand inrush during extracting contiguous coal seams under the lowermost aquifer in the unconsolidated Cenozoic alluvium—a case study

Extracting the contiguous coal seams under the lowermost aquifer in the unconsolidated Cenozoic alluvium is apt to water and quicksand inrush. By using a series of investigation methods including empirical formulas, numerical simulation, theoretical analysis, etc., the study focused on the fracture and the excess pore water pressure in the overlying strata in the process of extracting no. 8 coal seam firstly and no. 9 coal seam (under no. 8 coal seam) subsequently in no. 8102 working face of Luling coal mine in the north of Anhui Province of China. When no. 8 coal seam was extracted, the water-conducting fractured zone penetrated into the lowermost aquifer and rapid dissipation of excess pore water pressure above the gob occurred, accompanied by relatively high seepage hydraulic gradient over the headgate and the tailgate. When no. 9 coal seam was extracted, failure did not obviously extend upwards and the excess pore water pressure decreased slowly and a relatively high seepage hydraulic gradient transferred downwards from the headgate to the tailgate in the inclined profile. The safe water head (H _s) in the lowermost aquifer was confirmed to 15.6 m. Therefore, water and quicksand inrush was avoided effectively in the process of extracting the contiguous coal seams by dewatering, controlling mining height, and laying double resistance nets in the working face.     

Impact of Flood Disasters on Taiwan in the Last Quarter Century

The increasing natural disasters, especially floods during the last quarter century, are raising the economic losses in Taiwan. The most severe hazard in Taiwan is flooding induced by typhoons and storms in summer and autumn. By comparing the rivers around the world, the ones in Taiwan have the steepest slopes, the largest discharge per unit drainage area, and the shortest time of concentrations. Rapid urbanization without proper land uses managements usually worsen the flood problems. Consequently, flood hazards mitigation has become the most essential task for Taiwan to deal with. Although the government keeps improving flood defense structures, the flood damage grows continuously. In this article, possible flood mitigation strategies are identified for coping with complex environmental and social decisions with flood risk involved.     

Pollen assemblages and their environmental implications in the Qaidam Basin,NW China

The Qaidam Basin is one of the most sensitive areas to climate change in China, owing to its unique geographical position and ecological condition. In this study, 32 surface‐soil pollen samples were collected to reveal the relationship between modern pollen assemblages, vegetation and precipitation in the eastern region of the Qaidam Basin. The results show that Chenopodiaceae (3.8–87%, average 48%), Artemisia (1.7–64.2%, average 17.5%) and Ephedra (0–90%, average 16.3%) are the dominant pollen types in all samples, and that different pollen assemblages correspond to different vegetation types. DCA and CCA of major pollen types demonstrate that precipitation is an important factor in the control of the distribution of vegetation in the study area. The content and concentration of the three major pollen types (Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae and Ephedra) change with the mean annual precipitation, and the optimum mean annual precipitation for Ephedra, Chenopodiaceae and Artemisia is <80, 80–200 and >160 mm, respectively. Correlation analysis between the variation in grain size of the three major pollen types and the main environmental variables shows that the grain size of the three pollen types is positively correlated with precipitation in the Qaidam Basin. The results confirm that precipitation is the most important environmental factor in the Qaidam Basin, and that it has an important effect on pollen grain size in the study area.     

Trace element and REE geochemistry of the Zhewang gold deposit,southeastern Guizhou Province,China

The quartz vein-type gold deposits are widely hosted by the Neoproterozoic （Xiajiang Group） epimeta- morphic clastic rock series in southeastern Guizhou Province, China. The Zhewang gold deposit studied in this paper occurs in the second lithologieal member of the Pinglue Formation of the Xiajiang Group. Trace element geochemis- try of host rocks, quartz veins and arsenopyrite has revealed that ore-forming fluid was enriched in sulphophile ele- ments such as Au, Ag, As, Sb, Pb and Zn, and simultaneously concentrated some magmaphile elements such as W and Mo, which probably provides some evidence for multi-stage mineralization or overprinting of magmatic hydro- therm. Quartz veins and arsenopyrite were characterized by depletion in HFSE and enrichment in LREE. Hf/Sm, Nb/La and Th/La imply that the ore-forming fluid was probably a NaC1-H20 solution system enriched in more C1 than F; Th/U values reflect the strong reducibility of the ore-forming fluid, coincident with the sulfide assemblages. The values of Co/Ni reflect that magmatic fluids may have partly participated in the ore-forming process and Y/Ho values have proved that the ore-forming fluid was associated with metamorphism and exotic hydrotherm which has reformed former quartz veins during late mineralization. The concentrations of REE, Eu anomalies and Ce anomalies of this deposit display that ore-forming elements mainly were derived from host rocks and possibly from a mixed deep source, and the ore-forming fluid was mixed by dominant metamorphic fluid and minor other sources. The physical-chemical conditions of ore-forming fluid changed from the initial stage to the late stage. The metamorphic fluid is responsible for the mineralization. Therefore, the Zhewang gold deposit is classified as a quartz vein-type gold deposit which may have been reformed by magmatic fluids during the late stage.     

A surface network based method for studying urban hierarchies by night time light remote sensing data

Urban hierarchies are closely related to economic growth, urban planning and sustainable urban development. Due to the limited availability of reliable statistical data at fine scales, most existing studies on urban hierarchy characterization failed to capture the detailed urban spatial structure information. Previous studies have demonstrated that night time light data are correlated with many urban socio-economic indicators and hence can be used to characterize urban hierarchies. This paper presents a novel method for studying urban hierarchies from night time light data. Night time light data were first conceptualized as continuous mathematical surfaces, termed night time light surfaces. From the morphology of these surfaces the corresponding surface networks were derived. Hereafter, a night time light intensity (NTLI) graph was defined to describe the morphology of the surface network. Then, structural similarity between the night time light surfaces of any two different cities was calculated via a threshold-based maximum common induced graph searching algorithm. Finally, urban hierarchies were defined on the basis of the structural similarities between different cities. Using the 2015 annual NPP-VIIRS night time light data, the urban hierarchies of 32 major cities in China were successfully examined. The results are highly consistent with the reference urban hierarchies.     

30年来东南红壤丘陵区土壤侵蚀度时空演变研究——以长汀县为例

土壤侵蚀动态监测是侵蚀研究体系中的重要内容,当前国内大部分研究直接引用国外监测模型,不仅在因子选取以及模型通用性上存在不足,而且对区域土壤的潜在性侵蚀危险考虑不够。因此,研究提出土壤侵蚀度的概念,作为区域土壤实际侵蚀强度与潜在侵蚀危险的综合表征,并基于人地关系系统,通过多指标的量化与建模进行土壤侵蚀度测算,从而分析福建省长汀县土壤侵蚀时空演变规律。结果表明,长汀县土壤侵蚀分布存在集中连片的特点,汀中地区的侵蚀度最高,并向周边逐渐衰减。同时,侵蚀度在变化方向上虽然存在不确定性,但总体侵蚀状况近30a来得到了明显的改善,安全区的比重从1975年的3.87%增长至2006年的56.38%,相比而言,极度侵蚀危险区的比重仅从1975年的12.3%,减少至2006年的6.66%,改善幅度较其他等级土壤有所差距,这与区域在立地条件、经济发展水平以及政策导向上的差异密切相关。研究结果说明选取侵蚀影响因子具有一定的适宜性,也证明土壤侵蚀度可以有效表征土壤侵蚀时空演变趋势。