Source time-function as discriminant using empirical Green’s function

Since the sign up of CTBT (Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty), the nuclear monitoring and distinguishing has gained great attention by the treaty countries. Seismology is one of the primary technical means available for monitoring compliance to a CTBT. However, there does not exist a single criterion, so far, that can effectively distinguish explorations from earthquakes. It has been known that source time function (abbreviated to STF) of an underground nuclear explosion contains important p…     

REE and (э)Nd of clay fractions in sediments from the eastern Pacific Ocean: Evidence for clay sources

Clay fractions in the non-calcareous surface sediments from the eastern Pacific were analyzed for clay minerals, REE and 143Nd/144Nd. Montmorillonite/illite ratio (M/I ratio), total REE contents ((REE), LREE/HREE ratio and cerium anomaly (бCe) may effectively indicate the genesis of clay minerals. Clay fractions with M/I ratio >1, бCe (0.85, (REE (400 μg/g, LREE/HREE ratio (4, and REE patterns similar to those of pelagic sediments are terrigenous and autogenetic mixed clay fractions and contain more autogenetic montmorillonite. Clay fractions with M/I ratio <1, бCe=0.86 to 1.5, ΣREE=200 to 350 μg/g, LREE/HREE ratio (6 and REE distribution patterns similar to that of China loess are identified as terrigenous clay fraction. The 143Nd/144Nd ratios or (э)Nd values of clay fractions inherit the features of terrigenous sources of clay minerals. Clay fractions are divided into 4 types according to (э)Nd values. Terrigenous clay minerals of type I with the (э)Nd values of -8 to -6 originate mainly from North American fluvial deposits. Those of type II with the (э)Nd values of -9 to -7 are mainly from the East Asia and North American fluvial deposits. Those of type III with (э)Nd values of -6 to -3 could come from the central and eastern Pacific volcanic islands. Those of type IV with (э)Nd values of -13 to -12 may be from East Asia eolian. The terrigenous and autogenetic mixed clay fractions show patchy distributions, indicating that there are volcanic or hot-spot activities in the eastern Pacific plate, while the terrigenous clay fractions cover a large part of the study area, proving that the terrigenous clay minerals are dominant in the eastern Pacific.     

High-Altitude CUSP: The Extremely Dynamic Region in Geospace

The high-altitude dayside cusps (both northern and southern) are extremely dynamic regions in geospace. Large diamagnetic cavities with significant fluctuations of the local magnetic field strength have been observed there. These cusp diamagnetic cavities are always there day after day and are as large as 6 R_E Associated with these cavities are charged particles with energies from 20 keV up to 10 MeV. The intensities of the cusp energetic ions have been observed to increase by as much as four orders of the magnitude when compared with regions adjacent to the cusp which includes the magnetosheath. Their seed populations are a mixture of ionospheric and solar wind particles. The measured energetic ion fluxes in the high-altitude cusp are higher than that in both the regions upstream and downstream from the bow shock. Turbulent electric fields with an amplitude of about 10 mV/m are also present in the cusp, and a cusp resonant acceleration mechanism is suggested. The observations indicate that the dayside high-altitude cusp is a key region for transferring the solar wind mass, momentum, and energy into the Earth’s magnetosphere.     

The effects of land use on runoff and soil nutrient losses in a gully catchment of the hilly areas： implications for erosion control

1 Introduction Soiland waterlossisoneofthe worldwide environm entalissuesthreatening sustainable land use in semiarid areas.However,soiland water loss is highly variable in space and time,and its variability resultsfrom m any factorsoperating ata wide ran…     

Geochemistry and occurrence of inorganic gas accumulations in Chinese sedimentary basins

Inorganic gases are commonly seen in eastern China and occasionally in southern China from the shallow water columns above hot and cold springs. The gases contain 68% to nearly 100% CO₂, with δ¹³C_CO2 and δ¹³C₁ values in the range of −1.18‰ to −6.00‰ and −19.48‰ to −24.94‰, respectively. All of the 34 large inorganic CO₂ and one inorganic methane accumulations discovered in China are distributed in eastern parts of the country, from both onshore and continental shelf basins. No commercial inorganic gas accumulation has been found in central and western China. This is a review of the occurrence and geochemical characteristics of inorganic gas accumulations in Chinese sedimentary basins. A detailed study of gas samples collected from four representative inorganic CO₂ pools and one possible inorganic methane pool indicates that inorganic alkane gases typically show δ¹³C₁ values greater than −10‰ versus PDB (mostly −30‰), with a positive stable carbon isotope sequence of δ¹³C₁ < δ ¹³C₂ < δ¹³C₃ < δ ¹³C₄. In contrast, the δ¹³C₁ values of biogenic alkane gases are lighter than −30‰, with a negative isotope sequence (i.e. δ¹³C₁ > δ¹³C₂ > δ ¹³C₃ > δ¹³C₄). Inorganic gases also tend to show less negative δ¹³C_CO2 values (−10‰) than biogenic gases (<−10‰).     

腾冲新生代火山作用构造—岩浆类型的探讨——一种滞后型的弧火山

腾冲火山群是我国著名的新生代火山群之一。它共分4个喷发期,根据K—Ar同位素地质年龄测定,第一期为2.93Ma,第二期为0.81Ma,第三期为0.31Ma,第四期为0.13Ma。该火山群为典型的钙碱性系列玄武岩—安山岩—英安岩弧火山岩组合。它喷发于晚上新世—晚更新世,但这一时期腾冲地区已为大陆板内环境,它可能与K₂末怒江洋壳俯冲作用有关。因此,腾冲弧火山岩的形成至少在俯冲作用停止以后60Ma,属于一种新的火山作用类型——碰撞后弧火山或滞后型弧火山。     

市场经济体制执行地质勘探规范的有关问题讨论

市场经济体制下地质勘探工作的资金投入一般要由开采单位负担,而这部分资金属于前期投入,需要贷款来解决,现行的地质勘探规范已难适应地质工作的需要。在有一定工作基础的中小型矿山地质勘探工作中,对矿体的控制、水文地质、矿石可选性试验等工作程度,高级储量比例,勘查周期等方面,宜根据实际情况,合理的加以确定。     

末前寒武系年代地层研究:问题,进展与建议

在讨论当前全球末前寒武系和中国震旦系年代地层划分中存在问题的基础上 ,根据三峡地区震旦纪和寒武纪生物地层学、层序地层学和年代地层学的综合研究 ,作者认为 :( 1 )中国传统的震旦系底界和后来建立的陡山沱阶和灯影峡阶的底界是不合适的 ,前者位于不整合面上 ,而后二者的底界分别位于相对动荡的低位域的开始和由海退所形成的高位域的开始 ,不仅横向变化大 ,而且很难保存和发现可供对比的生物和化学标志。 ( 2 )建议将中国震旦系的底界上移到陡山沱组第 2段近底部 ,即靠近陡山沱组第 2段黑色页岩与第 1段灰白色白云岩之间的界线 ,以出现分异度高、个体较大、构造复杂的疑源类为标志 ,该界面与南沱冰期后所形成的海侵生物面基本一致 ;同时主张将原灯影峡阶的底界要么下移到陡山沱组第 4段产庙河生物群的黑色页岩底部 ,要么上移到灯影组产文德生物群的石板滩段黑色页岩夹炭质灰岩底部 ,因为这两个界面分别与南沱冰期后形成的层序 2和层序 3的最大海泛面基本一致。 ( 3)根据同位素年代学研究 ,指出陡山沱组第 4段 ,即庙河生物群的 Rb-Sr等时线年龄为 ( 6 85± 9) Ma,而水井沱组底部含三叶虫的黑色页岩的 Rb-Sr等时线年龄为 ( 5 30± 8) Ma     

伊拉克哈勒法耶油田Mishrif组滩相储层特征及其成因分析

伊拉克哈勒法耶油田Mishrif组滩相储层发育,是研究区内最主要的产油层位。利用岩心、薄片、测井资料对Mishrif组沉积相进行了研究,结果表明该组发育局限台地、开阔台地、台内洼地和台地边缘4种沉积相,滩相储层主要发育在开阔台地和台地边缘相带。并综合利用铸体薄片、物性实验数据及压汞曲线等资料对滩相储层特征和成因进行了分析。滩相储层岩石类型多样,发育生屑灰岩、生屑泥粒/粒泥灰岩、砂屑灰岩等多种岩石类型,岩石颗粒较粗。孔隙类型多样,主要以铸模孔、粒间孔、溶孔和体腔孔为主,其中以粒间孔和铸模孔发育最为广泛。各类滩相储层孔隙度较高,渗透率差异明显,平均渗透率为(2.35~139.17)×10~(-3)μm~2。整体孔隙结构较好,排驱压力较低,大喉道较为发育。滩相储层发育受沉积环境控制和成岩作用改造程度影响,有利的沉积条件是滩相储层原生孔隙发育的基础,同生期溶蚀作用的改造形成大量次生孔隙,从而提高了储层的储集性能。     

PETROCHEMISTRY AND MINERALOGY EVIDENCES FOR THE WEATHERING PROCESS OF THE WEATHERING PITS ON ROCK SURFACES OF MOUNTAIN LAOSHAN,CHINA

2011年5月对崂山山顶风化坑进行考察和采样,通过对风化坑内碎屑和坑外岩石的粉晶X射线衍射矿物分析、X射线荧光光谱化学全量分析,研究了风化坑内外的矿物风化及各元素迁移特征,对风化坑的成因过程进行探讨.研究结果表明:1)崂山山顶风化坑碎屑的英长比总是大于其周边岩石的英长比,说明风化坑的形成是花岗岩造岩矿物差异风化的结果;2)风化坑风化过程中被风化的岩石矿物主要是条纹长石和钾长石;3)风化坑中大量的Mg和Ca主要是外部加入的;4)崂山山顶风化坑内碎屑,坑外岩石面均受到化学风化的作用;5)崂山山顶风化坑内外的风化指数CIA值并不反映崂山当地的气候,山上山下CIA值的差异是风化时间长短不同造成的;6)LOI能很好地反映崂山风化坑内外风化强度的差异,说明长石主要在水解作用下发生分解,也说明了风化坑的积水成因.