青藏高原地区一次强对流过程中UTLS大气成分分析

青藏高原是对流层水汽和污染物进入平流层的一个重要通道,这些大气成分会对全球气候产生重要影响。利用MLS探测资料和ERA-Interim资料,对2012年7月5日发生在青藏高原中部的一次强对流活动中对流层上部平流层下部(UTLS)H_2O、O_3、CO和IWC的分布特点进行分析,并通过Wei公式估算穿越对流层顶的臭氧和水汽通量。分析结果表明:(1)O_3混合比在100hPa附近相对多年平均略微增加,从0.3×10~(-6)(V)增加到0.9×10~(-6)(V);CO混合比在150hPa以下最大值增加了0.08×10~(-6)(V);H_2O混合比在215hPa附近增加了80×10~(-6)(V);IWC在对流过程中增加明显,在215hPa处的含量最大达到了0.027g/m~3,比多年平均值增加2倍多。(2)对流活动开始前,向上穿过对流层顶的运动逐渐增强,且总的臭氧和水汽通量输送主要由垂直方向的瞬时运动变化贡献。因此高原上的强对流活动对对流层低层大气的抬升作用会使UTLS的大气成分发生相应变化。     

河北省雷电灾害事件特征分析

为了解河北省雷电灾害事件的时空分布、行业分布、经济损失及人员伤亡等,对2006—2017年(不包括2013、2016年)河北省雷电灾害事件资料进行统计分析。结果表明:河北省近10 a雷电灾害事件呈逐年波动递减的趋势,主要发生在6—8月,占全年雷电灾害事件总数的81.34%,唐山、保定和石家庄市为雷电灾害事件的高发区。雷电灾害事件最为严重的是电力行业达382起,人员伤亡事故主要发生在乡村。     

冬季500hPa不同纬度角动量谱的中期振荡及其凝聚的特征

角动量输送是维持、产生大气环流变化的一个重要物理量。把角动量的涡动输送写成谱函数形式,便于对不同波长的波动角动量输送进行分析研究。文献[1]用3个冬半年资料研究中纬度情况。为了揭露不同纬度角动量谱的中期振荡及其相互关系,本文利用14年冬季资料进行分析,并对其中若干异常梅雨年前冬的情况进行对比讨论。     

长江上游流域秋季连阴雨时空变化特征

利用长江上游259个气象站逐日降水资料,采用线性趋势分析方法,分析了近1961—2012年来长江上游流域秋季连阴雨的时空变化特征。结果表明,长江上游流域秋季连阴雨过程平均出现1.54次/a,其中9月出现次数最多,10月次之,11月出现较少。秋季连阴雨日数、累积降水量分别以2.3 d/(10 a)、13.7 mm/(10 a)的速率显著减少,连阴雨开始和结束日期平均为9月9日和9月30日均表现出推迟趋势。进入21世纪后,5—9 d、10 d以上连阴雨过程的次数、80.0 mm以上连阴雨过程的次数均表现出减少趋势。金沙江下游和四川盆地东部为秋季连阴雨累计雨量及其变化速率的大值中心,四川盆地西南部为连阴雨日数及其变化速率的大值中心。9月的降水中心、雨日分布情况与秋季总体情况基本一致,10月降水中心、阴雨日数的中心出现了明显东撤,11月东撤更为明显。     

海南岛冬季平均气温的多层递阶自回归长期预报模型

使用海南岛（以海口资料为代表）冬季平均气温资料,根据动态系统预测的理论,选用多层递阶自回归预报的方法,建立了海南岛冬季平均气温长期预报的多层递阶自回归预报模型,进行预报。结果表明,预报结果与实测值误差较小,冷暖年趋势预报和定量预报效果较理想。     

商丘近40 a蒸发量变化特征及原因分析

利用商丘1961-2000年小型蒸发皿蒸发量资料,分析了商丘蒸发量的变化趋势及引起蒸发量变化的因子,结果表明,商丘年、季和月蒸发量均存在明显的下降趋势,影响蒸发量变化的因子主要有风速、日照、相对湿度、水汽压等.     

Concentrations of metallic elements in long-range-transported aerosols measured simultaneously at three coastal sites in China and Japan

To determine the effects of long-range transport of aerosols from an upwind area in East Asia to a downwind area in Japan, we chemically analyzed aerosols collected simultaneously on Tuoji Island (Shandong Province, China), Fukue Island (Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan), and Cape Hedo (Okinawa Prefecture, Japan). We focused on changes in the metallic composition of PM_2.5 aerosols during long-range transport. The average mass concentrations of PM_2.5 at the three sites decreased in the order Tuoji Island > Fukue Island ≈ Cape Hedo (48.3 ± 4.5, 13.9 ± 1.5, and 13.2 ± 0.9 μg/m³, respectively). The fraction of coarse particles in total suspended particles estimated by (1–PM_2.5/TSP) was highest on Cape Hedo, indicating that the contribution of sea salts was increased by long-range transport of the aerosols over the ocean. Enrichment factor analysis revealed that at all three sites, Al, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Co, Sr, and Ba originated from soil; whereas Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, Tl, and P appeared to be of anthropogenic origin. Na was the most abundant element on Cape Hedo, indicating the addition of sea salts during aerosol transport. The V concentration was highest at Fukue Island, which was ascribed to V emission from ships. Sixty-one percent of the V on Fukue Island and 62% of the V on Cape Hedo were determined to have originated from ships, implicating of data obtained on dates during which backward trajectory analysis indicated that the same air mass passed over Tuoji Island, Fukue Island, and Cape Hedo in that order.     

Historical trophic evolutions and their ecological responses from shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River: Case studies on Longgan Lake and Taibai Lake

The evolutions of diatom floras and the total phosphorous (TP) concentrations in the historical period were reconstructed for two lakes, Longgan and Taibai in the middle Yangtze River,based on high resolutional fossil diatom study from two sediment cores and an established regional diatom-TP transfer function. The TP concentration in Longgan Lake changed slightly in the range of 36-62 μg/L and kept its middle trophic level in the past 200 years. The changes of diatom assemblages reflect a macrophyte-dominated history of the lake. During the nineteenth century, the lake TP concentration increased comparatively, corresponding to the increase in abundance of benthic diatoms. The progressive increase of epiphytic diatoms since the onset of the twentieth century indicates the development of aquatic plants, coinciding with the twice drops of water TP level. The TP concentration in Taibai Lake kept a stable status about 50 μg/L before 1953 AD, while diatoms dominated by facultative planktonic Aulacoseira granulata shifted quickly to epiphytic diatom species, indicating a rapid expansion of aquatic vegetation. During 1953-1970 AD, the coverage of aquatic plants decreased greatly inferred by the low abundance of epiphytic diatoms as well as declined planktonic types, and the reconstructed TP concentration shows an obvious rising trend firstly, suggesting the beginning of the lake eutrophication. The lake was in the eutrophic condition after 1970, coinciding with the successive increase of planktonic diatoms. The comparison of the two lakes suggests the internal adjustment and purification function of aquatic plants for nutrients in water. The discrepancy of TP trends in the two lakes after 1960 reflects two different patterns of lake environmental response to human disturbance. Sediments in Taibai Lake clearly recorded the process of lake ecological transformation from the macrophyte-dominated stage to the algae-dominated stage. The limits of TP concentration (68-118 μg/L) in the transitional state can be considered as the critical value between the two stable ecosystems. Further work will be necessary to provide more evidence from the sediments in more eutrophic lakes for the primary inference. The reconstructive TP level and the inference of aquatic plants from fossil diatoms in different lakes, as well as their comparison provide a scientific basis for ecological restoration of eutrophic lakes in research regions.     

Moving load response of an axially loaded Timoshenko beam on a multilayered transversely isotropic half-space comprising different media

This paper investigates the dynamic response of an axially loaded Timoshenko beam coupled with a multilayered transversely isotropic (TI) half-space subjected to a moving load. An axial force induced by the thermal expansion is taken into account in the Timoshenko beam. The half-space considers the alternate distribution of an arbitrary number of TI elastic and poroelastic layers to model foundation soils with different properties and moisture conditions. To solve the governing equations, Fourier transform is adopted. The stratified foundation is formulated by extending an “adapted stiffness matrix method” to a more general scenario with an arbitrary number of layers. The beam is then coupled with the foundation to derive solutions to the system in the frequency-wavenumber domain. The final results in the time-spatial domain are recovered by the inverse Fourier transform. After confirming the accuracy of the method in this study, the influences of the pore water existence, the transverse isotropy of different parameters, and the axial force are investigated. It can be observed that the effect of pore water existence on the maximum beam deflection can reach 22% in this study. The transverse isotropy of the elastic and shear moduli influences the critical speed of the beam deflection by altering the phase velocity of the first wave propagation mode of the beam-foundation system. The vertical permeability coefficient is more important than the horizontal one in determining the excess pore pressure. The rise of the beam temperature (axial force) decreases the critical speed and magnifies the vibrations.     

长江口沉积物对铅的吸附作用

模拟研究长江口悬浮沉积物对Pb的吸附作用,发现沉积物的吸附性能与其氧化铁和有机物等活性组份的含量密切相关,获得Langmuir型吸附等温线,测定饱和吸附容量和分配系数,结果表明,pH和盐度对吸附产生明显影响,吸附率与pH和盐度之间分别呈线性正相关和负相关关系。初步探讨吸附动力学特征,沉积物对Pb吸附化化学作用为主,与厦门港沉积物相似。