Gas accumulation from oil cracking in the eastern Tarim Basin: A case study of the YN2 gas field

Oil and gas exploration in eastern Tarim Basin, NW China has been successful in recent years, with several commercial gas accumulations being discovered in a thermally mature to over-mature region. The Yingnan2 (YN2) gas field, situated in the Yingnan structure of the Yingjisu Depression, produces gases that are relatively enriched in nitrogen and C₂₊ alkanes. The δ¹³C₁ (−38.6‰ to −36.2‰) and δ¹³C₂ values (−30.9‰ to −34.7‰) of these gases are characteristic of marine sourced gases with relatively high maturity levels. The distributions of biomarkers in the associated condensates suggest close affinities with the Cambrian–Lower Ordovician source rocks which, in the Yingjisu Sag, are currently over-mature (with 3–4%Ro). Burial and thermal maturity modeling results indicate that paleo-temperatures of the Cambrian–Lower Ordovician source rocks had increased from 90 to 210 °C during the late Caledonian orogeny (458–438 Ma), due to rapid subsidence and sediment loading. By the end of Ordovician, hydrocarbon potential in these source rocks had been largely exhausted. The homogenization temperatures of hydrocarbon fluid inclusions identified from the Jurassic reservoirs of the YN2 gas field suggest a hydrocarbon emplacement time as recent as about 10 Ma, when the maturity levels of Middle–Lower Jurassic source rocks in the study area were too low (<0.7%Ro) to form a large quantity of oil and gas. The presence of abundant diamondoid hydrocarbons in the associated condensates and the relatively heavy isotopic values of the oils indicate that the gases were derived from thermal cracking of early-formed oils. Estimation from the stable carbon isotope ratios of gaseous alkanes suggests that the gases may have been formed at temperatures well above 190 °C. Thus, the oil and gas accumulation history in the study area can be reconstructed as follows: (1) during the late Caledonian orogeny, the Cambrian–Lower Ordovician marine source rocks had gone through the peak oil, wet gas and dry gas generation stages, with the generated oil and gas migrating upwards along faults and fractures to form early oil and gas accumulations in the Middle–Upper Ordovician and Silurian sandstone reservoirs; (2) since the late Yanshanian orogeny, the early oil accumulations have been buried deeper and oil has undergone thermal cracking to form gas; (3) during the late Himalayan orogeny, the seals for the deep reservoirs were breached; and the gas and condensates migrated upward and eventually accumulating in the relatively shallow Jurassic reservoirs.     

吉林延边汪清县蛤蟆塘盆地白恶纪地层划分及其演化

通过１∶５万区调填图（１９８８～１９９０）,笔者将蛤蟆塘盆地白垩纪地层划分为大拉子组、富兴屯砾岩、龙井组。其中大拉子组下部为山麓冲积扇沉积,上部为湖相沉积;富兴屯砾岩为河流—扇三角洲相沉积;龙井组为浅盆广湖相沉积,其中产有Ｎｉｇｅｒｅｓｔｈｅｒｉａｓｐ等化石,属早白垩世,与延吉盆地等有明显时代差异,具有穿时性。     

Hydrocarbon Generating Potential of Mineral—Bituminous Matrix in Source Rocks

Mineral-bituminous matrix(MBM) makes up a major part of source rocks,but its potential in hydrocarbon generation is uncertain,Mineral and organic (Maceral and kerogen) compositions,organic maturity and fluorescence of MBM are studied based on source rock samples from eastern Jiuquan(Jiudong)Basin.The results show that MBM is dominated by inorganic minerals and among the small percentage of organic components those of secondary origins are predominant over the primary species.This strongly indicates that the significance of MBM in hydrocarbon generation is limited.     

易崩落危岩的调查与防治

危岩崩落是山区常见的一种不良物理地质现象。本文从详实的现场调查资料着手,对危岩体的危害性进行了详细的分析、计算论证,并提出了具体的拦截、支挡和镶补沟缝等切实可行的防治措施。     

我国浅成热液金矿的分类探讨

陆相浅成热液金矿是个大概念,是数类金矿的统称。目前对其的分类,不适应理论和应用研究的需要。本文主张以成矿地球动力学环境和矿床本质特征为准则,实施浅成热液金矿的分类。对类型的划分努力体现成因类型和工业类型相结合的原则,并充分反映我国的特点。在矿床类型具体命名时,突出成矿时的浅成深度。文中将我国浅成热液金矿分为浅成脉型、浅成斑岩型和浅成矽卡岩型等三大类八个亚类。陆相浅成热液金矿在我国有广阔的找矿前景,而且在地质产状和成矿作用等方面与国外的殊为不同,值得对其作深入的理论与应用研究。     

中国大型金矿床空间分布规律及找矿方向

我国存在８个金矿成带,每个放带均由数个金矿床集区构成,我国已发现的大型金矿床均赋存于金矿床密集区中,且具有与中小型金矿床密切共生的特点;因此,金矿床密集区的存在是寻找大型金矿床的区域性标志之一。     

Texture Segmentation Based on Image Model and Neural Network

INTRODUCTIoNImagetextureanalysisisanimportantpartofresearchin-tocomputervision.Forobjectidentificationandunderstand-ing,textureanalysisisthebasisoftheresearchwork.Ingeneral,texturecanberegardedasakindofstructurethatconsistsofmanytextureelementsorpatternswhicharemoreorlesssimilar,i.e.,primitivesthatformtexturesandspatialdependenceorinteractionbetweentheprimitives.Ex-tensiveresearchhasbeendoneintextureanalysis,andrefer-ence(Haralick,l979)hasmadeathoroughsurvey.Amongthesetextureanalysismetho…     

卫星遥感信息处理与多元统计分析

本文针对遥感信息的数据特征探讨了卫星遥感信息处理与多元统计算法之间的关系,并从实际出发对最小二乘残差技术,目标模式识别,增强主成份分析等方法的应用作了介绍。     

大别山北部蛇绿岩的地球化学制约

常量元素,微量元素,稀土元素,Ｎｄ同位素及氧同位素地球化学特征表明,太别山北部变质镁铁－超镁铁质岩带中存在变质的蛇绿岩,它主要由变质橄榄岩,辉长岩（－辉绿岩？）和基性熔岩三部分组成,其中,变质的基性熔岩的亏损地幔模式年龄ｔＤＭ／Ｍａ＝１０３６．８～１２９３．８,εＮｄ（ｔ）＝７．２～７．７,表明它可能代表１０００Ｍａ左右形成于中等扩张速率（２ｃｍ／ａｄ左右）洋盆条件下的洋壳残片。