Multiethnic Economic Activity Along Three Immigrant Corridors in Paris

Ethnic neighborhoods and ethnic economies do not always involve a single nationality or ethnic group. Quite often several groups operate side by side in the neighborhood and within the establishments themselves. This can give rise to a modification of the ethnic economy concept. We discuss an example of such a multiethnic residential and business district in Paris, the Goutte d’Or, with particular attention to three shopping streets. Although somewhat distinct from one another, each of these streets is multiethnic in regard to the proprietors, employees, and customers, and this multiethnicity extends within the establishments themselves. The primary questions we ask in this article are, first, what the nature of this ethnic economy is and how it fits within the different types of ethnic economy. Beyond this, we demonstrate how the activities taking place here reflect separate circuits of activity at separate spatial scales and what this ethnic business activity suggests for immigrant incorporation in Paris and the nature of cross-ethnic relations. To answer these questions, we rely on observation, interviews with several merchants in defined commercial corridors, and some official statistical and political information gleaned from various government sources. This Parisian neighborhood exemplifies strategies of immigrant incorporation into French society. As such, it provides a possible new model of a multiethnic economy, one that might become a common fixture in increasingly diverse cities in the world.     

It's not all about wealth and beauty: Changing perceptions of fatness among Makola market women of Accra,Ghana

Within the African context, body shape preferences may be influenced by culture without necessarily taking into consideration health implications. Thus, fatness is culturally associated with beauty, prosperity, and prestige while thinness is perceived as a sign of ill‐health or poverty. Using a cross section of Makola market women, who traditionally are perceived as fat and affluent, our findings revealed that the perception of fatness as a sign of richness and beauty is changing due to women's access to knowledge and information on the health implications of fatness. The challenge for these women however, is adhering to healthy lifestyles despite living sedentary lives in the market place which is a conducive environment for one to become fat. We recommend that qualified professionals should encourage these women through continuous programmes on regenerative health and nutrition aimed at healthy lifestyle behaviour at the market places. The social groups that women belong to should be targeted, trained and equipped with the right information on healthy living so that they can disseminate this information to other members of their networks.     

Comparing mixing-length models of the diabatic wind profile over homogeneous terrain

Models of the diabatic wind profile over homogeneous terrain for the entire atmospheric boundary layer are developed using mixing-length theory and are compared to wind speed observations up to 300 m at the National Test Station for Wind Turbines at Høvsøre, Denmark. The measurements are performed within a wide range of atmospheric stability conditions, which allows a comparison of the models with the average wind profile computed in seven stability classes, showing a better agreement than compared to the traditional surface-layer wind profile. The wind profile is measured by combining cup anemometer and lidar observations, showing good agreement at the overlapping heights. The height of the boundary layer, a parameter required for the wind profile models, is estimated under neutral and stable conditions using surface-layer turbulence measurements, and under unstable conditions based on the aerosol backscatter profile from ceilometer observations.     

Growth performance of exotic and indigenous tree species in saline soils in Turkana, Kenya

In the arid zone of central Turkana, north-western Kenya, where soil salinity affects 15–20% of the rangelands, growth performances of trees planted in saline soil rehabilitation trials have not been evaluated. Tree-planting trials have emphasised exotic species over indigenous ones. However, advantages and disadvantages of promoting exotic tree species have not been examined. The current study was aimed at evaluating growth performance of seven exotic and nine indigenous tree species used in saline soil rehabilitation trials. The tree species were established from 6-month-old saplings using microcatchments (FT1) from 1988 through 1990 and pitting treatment (FT2) from 1989 through 1992. The soils in FT1 and FT2 treatments were moderately to highly saline. The exotic tree species produced greater cover and volume during the first year (FT1) but by the second year, production was not sustained due to greater mortality (FT1 & FT2). The indigenous species in general had higher survival rates. Relative growth rates (RGR) of exotic and indigenous species did not differ (FT1 & FT2). Tree mortality was negatively correlated with RGR for exotic species in FT1 but not for indigenous ones. However, changes in plant performance were not in response to salinity alone. Rather, water scarcity superimposed on soil salinity might have influenced plant growth performance. Greater water and salinity stress and subsequently greater mortality in exotic species provided a more convincing reason for promotion of indigenous tree species. In the future, knowledge of salinity distribution and selection of indigenous species to match this will be a better way of rehabilitating sites affected by soil salinity in the arid zone of central Turkana, north-western Kenya.     

The plutonism in the North Chilean Coast-Range and its geodynamic significance

Extended deep plutons of the Chilean Coast-Range can, according to their composition, age and spatial distribution, be assigned to the following three Superunits, each of which represents a closed magmatic cycle. Albayay-Superunit approximately 300-200 m. a. Cifuncho-Superunit approximately 190-130 m. a. Esmeralda-Superunit less than 130 m. a.Structurally we distinguished five large batholithic complexes, which are tectonically displaced along vertical fault-planes. The petrographie composition ranges from gabbronoritic through dioritic up to granitic rocks with predominance of granitoids.Methodical investigation led beyond the explanation of the origin of the magma, and opened the way for new geogynamic interpretations. We postulate a model of repeated crustal thickening caused by continental collision, which is opposed to the schematic plate-tectonics model.

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Zusammenfassung In der Küstenkordillere Nordchiles lassen sich ausgedehnte Tiefengesteinskörper nach Stoffbestand, Alter und rÄumlicher Verteilung folgenden drei Superunits zuordnen, die jeweils einem abgeschlossenen magmatischen Zyklus entsprechen. Albayay-Superunit ca. 300-200 m. a. Cifuncho-Superunit ca. 190-130 m. a. Esmeralda-Superunit jünger als 130 m. a.Strukturell haben wir fünf grö\ere, durch Tektonik entlang vertikaler Brüche zerlegte Baholith-Komplexe ausgeschieden. Die petrologische Zusammensetzung reicht von gabbro-noritischen über dioritische bis zu granitischen Gesteinen, wobei der Schwerpunkt bei den Granitoiden liegt.Die methodische Untersuchung führte über die KlÄrung der Magmengenese hinaus und eröffnete den Zugang zu neuen geodynamischen Vorstellungen. Wir postulieren ein Modell einer mehrphasigen Krustenverdickung durch kontinentale Kollision, das im Gegensatz zu dem schematischen Modell der Plattentektonik steht.

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Resumen En la Cordillera de la Costa del Norte de Chile existen extensos cuerpos intrusivos que se queden asignar, sobre la base de su composición, edad y distribución espacial, a las tres Superunidades siguientes, las que a su vez corresponden a ciclos magmáticos completos. Superunidad-Albayay approximadamente 300-200 m.a. Superunidad-Cifuncho approximadamente 190-130 m.a. Superunidad-Esmeralda más jóvenque 130 m.a.Estructuralmente hemos distinguido cinco complejos batoliticos mayores recortados por una tectónica de fallas verticales. La compositión petrográfica va desde rocas gabronoríticas hasta graníticas pasando por las dioríticas, con predominio de granitoides.El análisis metódico de los datos obtenidos orientado a la petrogénesis de estos cuerpos dió lugar a nuevas interpretaciones geodinámicas. Postulamos un modelo de fases sucesivas de acumulación cortical mediante colisión continental, el cual se opone al esquemático modelo de la Tectónica de Placas.

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