Groundwater and surface water connectivity within the recharge area of Guarani aquifer system during El Niño 2014–2016

Recharge areas of the Guarani Aquifer System (GAS) are particularly sensitive and vulnerable to climate variability; therefore, the understanding of infiltration mechanisms for aquifer recharge and surface run‐off generation represent a relevant issue for water resources management in the southeastern portion of the Brazilian territory, particularly in the Jacaré‐Pepira River watershed. The main purpose of this study is to understand the interactions between precipitation, surface water, and groundwater using stable isotopes during the strong 2014–2016 El Niño Southern Oscillation event. The large variation in the isotopic composition of precipitation (from ?9.26‰ to +0.02‰ for δ¹⁸O and from ?63.3‰ to +17.6‰ for δ²H), mainly associated with regional climatic features, was not reflected in the isotopic composition of surface water (from ?7.84‰ to ?5.83‰ for δ¹⁸O and from ?49.7‰ to +33.6‰ for δ²H), mainly due to the monthly sampling frequency, and groundwater (from ?7.04‰ to ?7.76‰ for δ¹⁸O and from ?49.5‰ to ?44.7‰ for δ²H), which exhibited less variation throughout the year. However, variations in deuterium excess (d‐excess) in groundwater and surface water suggest the occurrence of strong secondary evaporation during the infiltration process, corresponding with groundwater level recovery. Similar isotopic composition in groundwater and surface water, as well as the same temporal variations in d‐excess and line‐conditioned excess denote the strong connectivity between these two reservoirs during baseflow recession periods. Isotopic mass balance modelling and hydrograph separation estimate that the groundwater contribution varied between 70% and 80%, however, during peak flows, the isotopic mass balance tends to overestimate the groundwater contribution when compared with the other hydrograph separation methods. Our findings indicate that the application of isotopic mass balance methods for ungauged rivers draining large groundwater reservoirs, such as the GAS outcrop, could provide a powerful tool for hydrological studies in the future, helping in the identification of flow contributions to river discharge draining these areas.     

The construction of a high-resolution visual monitoring for hazard analysis

High rates of urbanization, environmental degradation, and industrial development in disaster-prone areas have all served to increase the extent of damage following catastrophes. In this paper, we present a novel framework for exploiting multi-resolution dual cameras, including a wide-angle camera and a speed dome camera, to construct a wide-angle, multi-layered, high-resolution visual monitoring system for hazard assessment. Our two-part camera system requires calibration of the correspondence between the detailed and overview image captured by the speed dome camera and wide-angle fixed camera, respectively. In-factory calibration is carried out using white–black patterns for speed dome turning and multi-layered calibration. The results are displayed as wide-angle, multi-layered, high-resolution images which are built up by the speed dome camera.     

Distributions of carbohydrates, including uronic acids, in estuarine waters of Galveston Bay

The concentrations of carbohydrates, including uronic acids, in dissolved (≤0.45μm) and colloidal (1 kDa—0.45 μm) phases were measured in estuarine waters of Galveston Bay, TX, in order to study their role in heavy metal detoxification. The concentrations of dissolved monosaccharides (MCHO) in Galveston Bay ranged from 13 to 62 μM-C, and those of dissolved polysaccharides (PCHO) ranged from 10 to 42 μM-C. On average, MCHO and PCHO contributed about 11% and 7% to dissolved organic carbon (DOC), respectively. The colloidal carbohydrates (CCHO) in Galveston Bay varied from 7 to 54 μM-C, and accounted for 9% to 24% of the colloidal organic carbon (COC), with an average value of 17%, suggesting that CCHO is abundant in the high molecular weight (HMW) fraction of DOC. The concentration of CCHO is generally significantly higher than that of PCHO. This result is attributed to entrainment of low molecular weight (LMW) carbohydrates into the retentate fraction during ultrafiltration. The concentration of total dissolved uronic acids (DUA) in the same samples varied from 1.0 to 8.3 μM-C, with an average value of 6.1 μM-C, while the colloidal uronic acids (CUA) ranged from 0.8 to 6.4 μM-C, with an average value of 4.8 μM-C. The concentrations of DUA are higher than the previously reported values in coastal waters. Furthermore, CUA represent a dominant component of DUA in Galveston Bay waters. More importantly, significant correlations of PCHO and DUA to dissolved Cu concentrations (≤0.45 μm) were found, suggesting that acid polysaccharides were produced in response to trace metal stressors.     

Multi‐site calibration using a grid‐based event rainfall–runoff model: a case study of the upstream areas of the Nakdong River basin in Korea

Most runoff analyses using a grid‐based distributed model use one parameter group calibrated at the outlet of a watershed, instead of dividing the watershed into subwatersheds. Significant differences between the observed value and the simulation result of the subwatersheds can occur if just one parameter group is used in all subwatersheds that have different hydrological characteristics from each other. Therefore, to improve the simulation results of the subwatersheds within a watershed, a model calibrated at every subwatershed needs to be used to reflect the characteristics of each subwatershed. In this study, different parameter groups were set up for one or two sites using a distributed model, the GRM (Grid based Rainfall‐runoff Model), and the evaluations were based on the results of rainfall–runoff analysis, which uses a multi‐site calibration (MSC) technique to calibrate the model at the outlet of each site. The Hyangseok watershed in Naeseong River, which is a tributary of Nakdong River in Korea, was chosen as the study area. The watershed was divided into five subwatersheds each with a subwatershed outlet that was applied to the calibration sites . The MSC was applied for five cases. When a site was added for calibration in a watershed, the runoff simulation showed better results than the calibration of only one site at the most downstream area of the watershed. The MSC approach could improve the simulation results on the calibrated sites and even on the non‐calibrated sites, and the effect of MSC was improved when the calibrated site was closer to the runoff site. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical characteristics of the full operator hybrid simulation method

The full operator method (FOM) has been proposed to overcome some of the shortcomings of the commonly used operator splitting method (OSM). In particular, the FOM is improved by increasing the accuracy of both the predictor and corrector using the estimated tangent stiffness of the tested structure. The numerical characteristics of the FOM, including stability and accuracy, are investigated in this study. It is shown that FOM is conditionally stable. The stability and accuracy characteristics are dependent on the accuracy of the estimated tangent stiffness and the parameters associated with the acceleration variation in the time-stepping integration method. Mass-spring systems with different types of nonlinearity, including hardening, stiffening, and softening behavior, are used to evaluate the performance of the FOM. It is found that the FOM can capture these types of nonlinearity with satisfactory accuracy. Using a prototype 12-story composite coupled wall system, the influences of the strong nonlinearity of the system as well as the displacement control errors from hydraulic actuators on the performance of the FOM are explored. The results show that the FOM is capable of generating reasonably accurate results despite the presence of strong structural nonlinearity and displacement control errors.     

An integrated flood risk assessment model for property insurance industry in Taiwan

Taiwan is located in an area affected by Northwest Pacific typhoons, which are also one of the most important sources of rainfall to the island. Unfortunately, the abundant rainfall brought by typhoons frequently produces hazards. In recent years, typhoons and floods have caused serious damage, especially Typhoon Morakot in 2009. In this study, a probabilistic model is developed based on historical events which can be used to assess flood risk in Taiwan. There are 4 separate modules in this model, including a rainfall event module, a hydraulic module, a vulnerability module, and a financial loss module. Local data obtained from the Taiwan government are used to construct this model. Historical rainfall data for typhoon and flood events that have occurred since 1960, obtained from the Central Weather Bureau, are used for computing the maximum daily rainfall for each basin. In addition, the latest flood maps from the Water Resources Agency are collected to assess the probable inundation depth. A case study using the local data is carried out. Assessment is made to predict possible economic loss from different financial perspectives such as the total loss, insured loss, and loss exceeding probabilities. The assessment results can be used as a reference for making effective flood risk management strategies in Taiwan.     

Exposure and time dependent DNA strand breakage in hepatopancreas of green-lipped mussels (Perna viridis) exposed to Aroclor 1254, and mixtures of B[a]P and Aroclor 1254

Green-lipped mussels (Perna viridis) were exposed to Aroclor 1254 (0.5, 5 and 50 microgl(-1)) and a mixture of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and Aroclor 1254 (0.3+0.5 and 3+5 microgl(-1)) for 12 days. On day 0, 1, 3, 6 and 12, the levels of DNA strand breaks in the mussel hepatopancreas were monitored using an alkaline unwinding assay. The results were compared to the findings of a previous study in which the levels of DNA strand breakage in the same species were measured following exposure to various concentrations of B[a]P (0.3, 3 and 30 microgl(-1)). The results indicated that Aroclor 1254 at a concentration 相似文献   

Propagation of Hydrogentic waves in the upper F2-region>

The theory of hydromagnetic-wave in the upper F2-region, in which electrons are in a transitional regime from collisional to collisionless conditions and ions are in a collisionless state, is examined. Derivation of the governing equations is based on the fact that the isotropic electrons are fluid-like, and the anisotropic ions follow kinetic equations modified by ion-electron collisions. Magneto-acoustic waves of a period of 0.2–10 sec are dissipated by ion Landau damping and electron thermal conduction and viscosity. Numerical solutions under ionospheric conditions show that the dissipation of hydromagnetic waves is insufficient to modify the large scale heating of the ionosphere.     

The Application of LANDSAT Multi-Temporal Thermal Infrared Data to Identify Coal Fire in the Khanh Hoa Coal Mine,Thai Nguyen province,Vietnam

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - The Khanh Hoa coal mine is a surface coal mine in the Thai Nguyen province, which is one of the largest deposits of coal in the Vietnam. Numerous...     

A landslide dam breach induced debris flow – a case study on downstream hazard areas delineation

A catastrophic landslide dam breach induced debris flow initiated in Da-Cu-Keng stream, Ruifang town, when typhoon Xangsane hit Taiwan on November 1, 2000. Different available methodologies were used to model the natural dam breach induced debris flow and using field topography the hazard zones affected by debris mixtures were delineated. The numerical finite element or finite difference method is time consuming for the simulation of debris flow inundation areas and hence a rules-based GIS (Geographic Information System) analysis is proposed in this study. The model emphasizes the downstream inundated fan-shaped areas covered by debris mixtures through the overflow point. Topography and gradient are assumed to dominate the debris masses deposition mechanism in the GIS analysis. The approach considers the parameters effects, such as the runout distance, the debris masses magnitude and the inundated areas. The results of this study reveal that the GIS process using the rule-based approach speeds up the processing of delineating the hazard zones and assessment, which can be applied to early-warning and preliminary inundation hazardous mapping.